12004 
with 
Dx 
xel] 
  
Z 
27 
49 
  
. For 
r: The 
ere to 
  
'asured 
ffect is 
^comes 
Jecome 
Land 2, 
7 m in 
higher 
| Stereo 
ze base. 
uld be 
lead to 
can be 
| would 
ernative 
plotting 
flat on 
ures as 
ind then 
ction in 
Table 4. Standard deviation between coordinates measured with 
tacheometer and from photogrammetric documentation. 
  
dN (-dX) dZ (-dY) dE (-dZ) 
[m] [m] [m] 
  
  
  
  
  
Precision 0.09 0.06 0.19 
  
  
   
  
  
Figure 14. Barrage Bl and Terrace TI locate at distances cf 45 
m and 60 m, where the pixel sizes correspond to 4 cm and 6 cm, 
respectively. The deviation between the image and tacheometer 
measurements does not seemingly affect the location of the 
entire structure. In case of Terrace T1, both lower and upper 
lines of structure are measured. Due to occlusion, the other end 
of the Terrace TI could not be measured on images. 
   
errace 12 
ower and uppe 
A d = 
o 
tacheometer 
image 
measurement 1 
— image 
2 7 : measurement 7 
Figure 15. Terrace T2 consists of two terraces, which are both 
interpreted as lower and upper poly lines. They locate at 
distances of 100 m from the photography, where the pixel size 
corresponds to 10 cm. In case of photogrammetry, four poly 
lines are observed twice. The internal deviation becomes clear. 
This is due to the point wise interpretation of photogrammetric 
measuring which becomes uncertain in direction of stereo 
photography. 
4. CONCLUSION 
We have presented an approach in which photogrammetric 
documentation could be used for 3-D measuring of structural 
remains of barrage systems and terrace walls as part of 
archaeological survey. The documentation is based on 
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B5. Istanbul 2004 
panoramic stereo photography and natural control points has 
been used for orientation of the images 
New features of the procedure consist of the use of concentric 
panoramic images in a photogrammetric 3-D reconstruction 
process, the use of close up photography for exact 
documentation and identification of the natural control points, 
and the use of photogrammetric documentation by 
archaeologists as their notebook during field invention. 
The procedure is experimented and the results indicate that the 
accuracy of applying panoramic imagery for archaeological 
survey is satisfactory. However, point wise interpretation of 
detailed structures leads to scattered shapes. We consider that 
the scattering is mainly caused by stereoscopic imaging 
geometry. Therefore we propose the use of corresponding 
features instead of corresponding points when applying 
photogrammetric documentation for 3-D structural recording. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The Academy of Finland, Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation, 
and The Finnish Cultural Foundation are gratefully 
acknowledged for financial support. 
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