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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B6. Istanbul 2004 
  
e Workshop 7: General management for the 
Directorates of Surveying & Mapping and Deed 
Registration 
e Workshop 8: Technology update for the Directorate 
of Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Regional 
Officers 
e — Workshop 9: General management for the Divisions 
of General Services and Research & Planning 
e .— Workshop 10: Technology update for the Directorate 
of Surveying & Mapping and Regional Officers 
e — Workshop 11: General management for the Regional 
Offices 
e — Workshop 12: Technology update for the Directorate 
of Deed Registration and Regional Officers 
3. TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME FOR 
THE MLRR DIRECTORATE OF SURVEYING AND 
MAPPING 
Workshop 10 of the IT-2 Organisation and Technology 
Management Training Programme for MLRR Managers 
focussed on Technology update for the MLRR Directorate of 
Surveying & Mapping. 
In phase 1, a series of lecture addressing the following issues 
were considered: 
Introduction to Map projection systems, Introduction to 
Geodetic Datums, Reference  Ellipsoids, Global 
Coordinate Systems, Geodetic Datums, Datum 
Conversions, Reference Ellipsoids, Geodetic Datums, GPS 
system overview, satellites, differential GPS (DGPS) 
techniques, Transformation of coordinates (Molodensky, 
Bursa Wolf), and least squares adjustment. 
In phase 2 the existing situation in Namibia was considered and 
number of problems were discussed. 
4. EXISTING SITUATION IN NAMIBIA 
4.1 The reference ellipsoid 
The reference ellipsoid of Namibia is Bessel, (according to, 
surveying and mapping organization of Namibia) Namibian 
Bessel, and (according to Polytechnic of Namibia) the 
European Bessel, although they are slightly different. 
4.2 Map Projection 
The Namibian projection system is Gauss Conformal 
Projection, also known as the Transverse Mercator Projection. 
The system consist of zones of 2 ° of longitude wide, the central 
meridians consist of every odd meridians, i.e. 15°, 17°, 22°19 
°, with the origin at latitude 22° South, (S. African origin is at 
Equator). 
4.3 Coordinate system 
The Namibian Coordinate system consist of the following, the 
positive Y is towards the West of central meridian, and 
negative to the East of central meridian, X is positive south of 
the parallel 22 ^, (Therefore always positive in S. Africa). See 
Fig 1 
  
21 o 
209 1 220 
Central meridian 
Origin à | 
22 o > 22 | 
I 
1 
EN | -Y | 
| 
x 
Central meridian | 
  
Fig 1. The Namibian Coordinate system (zone21 °) 
4.4 Directions 
The direction is the angle measured in a clockwise sense, 
between the direction south, and the line in question; see Fig2. 
«909 re 12700 er 
Fig2. The Namibian angle measurement 
4.5 Triangulation Network in S. Africa 
The origin of the triangulation (in S. Africa) is the station at 
Schwarzeck, with the following coordinates 
Latitude =22045 35820 S 
Longitude = 189 40 34.549 E 
The azimuth Schwarzeck — Langer Forst = 36° 47 59.35 
from N to E 
The following progressive steps were performed to establish 
the Triangulation Network in S. Africa. 
4.5.1 Selection of Circuits: The country is divided into 
sections (circuits) or approximate squares of about 500 to 800 
km sides, where a baseline is measured accurately near each 
corner, so that a geodetic chain of triangles may be extended 
between these base lines. 
4.5.2 Base line measurement: The triangulation system is 
based on base line measurement, whose extremities are fixed