International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B6. Istanbul 2004 
  
Practice of GPS measurements by surveyors of the cadastre 
office, is also RTK observation method, whereby they occupy 
simultaneously 4 stations (known), as well as 1 unknown point, 
called temporarily reference point for a short period of time, in 
order to compute the transformation parameters, to solve 
ambiguity integer, as well as to compute the coordinate of the 
temporarily reference point 
Analysing reports of private companies reveals that they are 
applying the same procedure. 
6.3.1 Problems: 
I. Setting up a temporarily reference point, by a few epoch of 
GPS observation does not provide the necessary accuracy 
requirements for the subsequent observation of the parcels, 
unless there is absolutely no reference point available in the 
area. 
2. RTK method of observation is not advised for parcel 
surveying, there is no further control, to future analysis of the 
observation for error detection. 
3. It is advised to perform baseline computation for detail 
cadastre surveying, followed by post processing of the 
observations, and archive the post processing files for further 
analysis. 
4. In case the private companies insist on practicing RTK, they 
should record observations, and perform post processing, to be 
able to compare the results, and archiving the post processing 
files. 
6.4 Photogrammetry 
There is no Photogrammetric department within the surveying 
and mapping organization, the authorities of the department are 
very interested to have one such department, and instead there 
is only one Photogrammetric analytical instrument without 
operator. 
6.4.1 Proposal: It is advised to create a Photogrammetric 
department (small size at the beginning), acquire 
instruments/digital workstations and train the staff at different 
levels, in organizing special courses in Namibia or abroad. 
6.5 Problems in surveying and mapping 
The authorities of the surveying and mapping organization 
expressed the followings problems; 
|. For precise height computation, as well as 
transformation of height coordinate from ellipsoidal 
height to orthometric height, they do not use a geoid 
model. The solution would be either to have the 
gravimetric data, which does not exist in Namibia, 
and to collect those data they require an enormous 
time, or to have a mathematical geoid model. Another 
solution is to have world geoid data with 1 m 
accuracy. 
2. They are also in need of a DTM quality control. 
There are 3 different quality controls for DTM, 
namely; Analytical, semi analytical and experimental 
methods. The first two are mostly applied for 
research issues, for Namibia experimental method 
would be applicable, which is based on checkpoints. 
12 
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Moreover they are in need of a VLB processing 
software of the university of Bern. It is possible to 
look into this matter and help them acquire this 
software. 
The aim of this report is only to point out problems in Namibia, 
The solutions presented are only one possible variant of many 
solutions, and far from being a definitive solutions to solve 
their problem. 
In case it is decided to take the necessary measures, issues 
should be considered more in details, definitive solutions 
pointed out, and finally applied in Namibia. 
7. CONCLUSIONS 
The series of international cooperation projects on Land 
Information Management education and training in southern 
Africa, as highlighted above, have already much contributed to 
strengthening the capacity of land managing institutions 
(governmental, NGO, private sector) in southern Africa during 
the past 10 years. 
The institutionalisation of a seamless Land Information 
Management education and training programme at the 
Polytechnic of Namibia (from the National Certificate to the 
B.Tech. level) and at CEAD/NU (at Master's level) offers a 
sustainable basis to continue providing suitably trained and 
educated land managers that will ensure effective and efficient 
Land Reform and Management operations in southern Africa 
for the years to come. 
The original Organisation and Technology Management 
Training Programme for MLRR Managers, as developed in the 
IT-2 project framework, has proved to be effective and could 
easily serve as a model for training managers on a part-time 
basis in other regions of the world or in other professions.