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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B6. Istanbul 2004
also the subject of research. New algorithms for photograph
classifications were developed at the Faculty of Civil
Engineering of the CTU Prague. These algorithms use either
image segmentation and object-oriented analysis, or automatic
texture classification using comparison of image textures with
database image textures.
4. COMMISSION IV: SPATIAL INFORMATION
SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL MAPPING
Spatial information systems continued in important progress
that had begun in 90s of the 20" century. The activities can be
characterized by two new phenomena. The newly created
Ministry of Informatics tries to coordinate private and state
organisations in close co-operation with the Czech Association
for Geoinformation to follow Open GIS philosophy. Spatial
information systems are more and more transferred from stand-
alone computers and company servers to Internet. Internet
enables public users to visualize, order, buy or share various
data and data sets. It is another important phenomenon of the
last 4-year period.
There are two state mapping agencies — civilian and military.
Since last year they have been collecting colour ortophotos for
map updating as well as for IACS purposes. The major part of
these ortophotos are used in public administration and for
various mapping purposes. Both mapping agencies have vector
and raster versions of their maps in several scales. Vector map
data of both mapping agencies are stored in geodatabases.
Civilian maps in raster format are distributed also via Internet.
The accuracy of master database of state map series is
equivalent to the map content of 1 : 10 000 scale. It is a source
for map generalization for 1 : 25 000 and 1 : 50 000 scale. The
civilian database ZABAGED has been being updated including
3D data since 2000. Spatial information systems in the Czech
Republic use both top world software, and various Czech
software. The military database DMU 25 serves as a source
data for crises management. Exchange formats were defined
for many data types. Private companies control commercial
part of map production, e.g by offering tourist maps and
atlases. All cadastral maps are in raster format. Their
vectorization has not been finished yet. It is a long process due
to many problems connected with the transformation of
cadastral maps in fathom scale. It is the reason why only 25
per cent of cadastral maps in vector form is available in 2004.
5. COMMISSION V: CLOSE-RANGE VISION
TECHNIQUES
There are no legal standards for photogrammetric
documentation of historical monuments in the Czech Republic.
Close range photogrammetry for documentation of
architectural or historical objects is often used in last years.
However, the number of projects is still small. Investors
usually press budgets of object documentation due to
economical reasons on minimum level. The competency to call
for tenders was transferred to regional administration after
reorganisation of the State Institute of Care of Historical
Monuments (as an important customer) followed by several
changes in legislation. Additional documentation is required
(easy rectified photographs in *tiff or *bmp formats) and
vector maps (*dxf or *dwg format), orthophotos (usually not
true orthophoto). 3D models or rendered models were required
229
only in special cases. Animation or Internet presentations were
newly produced (avi, vrml), but only for business or teaching
reasons. Aerial orthophotos are used for documentation of
large sites.
There are only several organisations and technical universities
having precise photogrammetric cameras (UMK or réseau
cameras such as Rollei) in the Czech Republic. Digital camera
applications are not too frequent (due to resolution and
calibration), but there are more projects in close range
photogrammetry at universities.
Single image photogrammetry is often used for facades.
Stereoscopic vectorizations on photogrammetric workstations
(ImageStation, ImageStation SSK, PhoTopol, Erdas, Helava,
VSD) presents basic technology up to now. Intersection
photogrammetry is used in special cases with Rollei-CDW or
non-metric cameras and PhotoModeler SW. Fast and cheap
techniques are still more favourite (demands on their accuracy
are not very high). The development of non-photogrammetric
techniques is evident. Laser scanning (4 installations in the
Czech Republic) and 3D scanners based on triangulation
principle (1 installation) are meant in these techniques.
However, their practical usage in the cultural heritage is at the
beginning (due to their price, and problems with outputs).
Customers are used to work with vector maps, and photos or
photomaps). There are more special techniques applicable only
in special cases (restoration of wall paintings- IR and UV
imaging, archaeological applications: GP-radar, thermovision
and others)
Close range vision techniques are connected also with other
branches, which usually do not use these methods. One of
them was a moment when the photogrammetric control proved
the decision of one sport judgement at Olympic Games in
Sydney. The judgement concerned overstep of Erki Nool. The
photogrammetry proved that the jumper did not overstep and
gained his gold medal by right.
Another photogrammetric application can be found in co-
operation with police. Photographs are often processed by
photogrammeters to describe details of accidents exactly.
Biomechanics is another sphere where photogrammetric
evaluation is being used. The co-operation of the Faculty of
Civil Engineering of the CTU with the Faculty of Physical
Education and Sport of the Charles University in Prague was
concentrated on research of foot changes during pregnancy and
after pregnancy in the first phase of co-operation. The
photogrammetry was used for 3D modelling of plaster
footprints. The methodology for change detection of these
footprints was also developed.
6. COMMISSION VI: EDUCATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS
Photogrammetry forms a part of university education at three
Czech universities. Students get practice in historical and
modern ways of photogrammetry during their study of geodesy
or geomatics. Their experience is open to public by their
presentations in Internet database version where documents
about small historical monuments they have collected and
processed are stored. The project called FOTOPA presents
already several hundreds of small such objects from the
country.
Remote sensing is taught at four universities. Students arc
familiar with basic information about limits and possibilities of
the method.
