International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
  
  
LINE 23 
LINE 24 
— 
LINE 22 
LINE 25 
Figure 5. Rose Diagrams of Automatically Extracted 
Lineaments 
Rose diagram for manual extraction is given in Figure 6. 
  
Figure 6. Rose Diagram of Manually Extracted Lineaments 
Rose diagrams generally indicate the similarity in major 
discontinuity orientations. The reference lineament map, which 
is drawn manually has the major orientation of E-W. Similarly 
the automatically extracted lineament maps has the same major 
orientation. 
Besides the similarities of the rose diagrams, a reliable site 
investigation is necessary for more accurate analysis. A detailed 
investigation by Karpuz (1982) is considered for the major 
discontinuity orientations. The orientations are found from the 
pole distribution data defined by Karpuz (1982). The pole 
distribution is shown in Figure 7. 
N 
Figure 7. Pole Distribution of the Gólbas: District 
From the pole distribution of the discontinuity sets, three major 
discontinuity orientation is determined as N 50° E, E-W, N 70° 
W. From these results, it can be easily seen that the results of 
Karpuz (1982) and the extracted lincaments have the same 
orientation. Except one set that is accepted as the minor 
discontinuity set in the field. 
From the field studies carried out, the most suitable mine for 
detecting lineaments is used for further analysis. As the Ikonos 
image from year the 2002 a mine that is abondoned would be 
more suitable. Besides this also surface lineaments must be 
nearby. 
In order to see the applicability of the methodology in mining 
sites, face discontinuity sets are extracted. For the face 
lineament extraction, again directional filters are used with the 
digital images of the face of the quarry. Except the E-W 
direction, all three directions (N-S, NW-SE, NE-SW) are 
considered. Because of the reason that nearly horizontal 
lineaments are difficult to match With the surrounding 
lineaments, those with E-W direction are eliminated. 
The face lineaments are determined by the same method, which 
is Sobel filtering. The images were taken with a 2 megapixel 
digital camera. In order to match the face lineaments with the 
surrounding ones filtering the face images in three directions 
(N-S, NW-SE, NE-SW) is found to be suitable. Finding a nearly 
horizontal lineament in the face can give nothing about the 
nearby detected lineaments. 
The strikes of the face discontinuity sets determined from face 
images, which are supposed to be the lineament orientations 
found from Ikonos image, are compared with the orientations of 
the lineament map obtained from the Line module. From the 
field studies carried out, it is seen that strike directions of face 
discontinuity sets matches withe the orientation of the 
lineaments detected from nearby the faces. 
For the accuracy assessment, the length and the number of the 
lineaments are considered. A 15 % of tolerance is accepted for 
the matching process. After examining the tolerance values the 
final parameters are found. 
As the total length of the manually extracted lineaments is 
130040 meters. The tolerance value is +19506 meters. The 
lineament maps in this interval are 1 VEC, 2 VEC, 8 VEC, 13 
VEC, 16 VEC, 17 VEC, 19 VEC and 23 VEC. 
Another parameter is the number of the lineaments. The total 
number 3357. similarly a 15 % tolerance is accepted. The 
lineament maps in this interval are 1 VEC, 2 VEC, 5 VEC, 14 
VEC, 16 VEC, 18 VEC, 19 VEC, 22 VEC, 23 VEC. 
From the analyses, an elimination is made according to the 
tolerance limits and final parameters are determined according 
to the rest of the lineament maps. The final parameters of LINE 
are as follows. 
RADI: 12 
GTHR: 25 - 60 
LTHR: 20 - 30 
FTHR: 3 
ATHR: 20 
DTHR: 1 
For the RADI parameter, also 5 or 7 value gives good results. 
Higher values of RADI results in loss of dataand joining of 
lines. 
For the GTHR parameter lower than the determined region 
gives plenty of lineaments that appear to be non-geologic. Also 
values higher than the region yields to poor results with respect 
to the output number and total length. 
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