International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004
(bengal gram), isabgol are sown. Crop calendar for opium
poppy is shown in Fig.1.
Jm Feb Mar Apr May Joe July Aug Sept Oct lov Dec
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Figure 1 : Crop Calendar of Opium Poppy
The study area is western part Mandsaur District of
Madhya Pradesh and soil in this area is black with high
clay content. Geographic location of the district is shown
in Fig.2.
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Fig. 2 District map of Madhya Pradesh [3]
3. CROP CHARACTERISTICS & FIELD SIZE
Opium poppy plant is a dicotyledon, unlike wheat or
sugarcane, which are monocotyledons. Opium Poppy is
cultivated during winter (rabi) season. Cold nights and
warm days are needed for healthy plant growth and crop
cycle is about 130-140 days. Flowering of opium poppy
plant takes place between 85th - 95th day, flowers last for
about 7 to 10 days. Pod initiation occurs around 100th —
110th day and lancing gets completed by 130th-140th day.
Flowers of opium poppy come in various exotic color
shades like, white, purple, pink etc. Among these opium
poppy plants bearing white flowers is a high yield variety
and is preferred by the cultivators. Average plant height is
about 3 to 4 ft. Leaves of the plant are oblong or ovate
shaped with an average leaf length of about 7 inches and
average leaf width about 4 inches. There will be about 20-
25 leaves per plant. There will be about 50 plants per
square meter. Generally no spacing between plants is
maintained in plain areas. Plants are watered every week
but with no standing water. Among several crops observed
on the ground in the study area opium poppy leaves have
by far the maximum moisture content and spongy. Thus
high inter cellular spacing and when fully grown
practically no exposure to back ground soil. The Leaf area
of opium poppy is high compared with other crop types
present in the area. Phenological cycle of opium poppy is
shown in Fig.3.
Figure 3: Phenological cycle of Opium Poppy
Each cultivator is given license for 2000 sq mts normally and
in exceptional cases for 3000 sq mts. Although license Is for
2000 sq mts due to shortage of water actual sown area can be
less than 2000 sq mts.
4. DATA USED AND PRE-PROCESSING
e IRS-ID LISS-III data acquired during fallow and crop
seasons for 2000,2001,2002,2003 seasons covering
part of Mandsaur district, Madhya Pradesh and for
2003 season covering part of Chittaurgarh district,
Rajasthan is used. However, results pertaining to 2002
season for Madhya Pradesh and 2003 season for
Rajasthan are only presented.
e Survey of India topographic maps are used for image
data rectification.
e Geographic coordinates collected using hand held GPS
receiver for agricultural crop fields are used for
training data selection and accuracy assessment.
e Necessary information like solar elevation angle,
LMIN, LMAX read from the scene header and mean
solar exoatmospheric spectral irradiance values are
used together with the haze factor [5] and [6]
calculated by taking 1% pixels occupying lower tail of
histogram of respective bands to convert DN image to
reflectance image using standard mathematical
equation. :
e As WDVI is a distance based index, relatively better
atmospheric correction needs to be applied to the data,
which is not necessary for ratio based indices like
NDVI.
5. VEGETATION INDICES
The cells in plant leaves are very effective scatterer of light
because of the high contrast in the index of refraction
between the water-rich cell content and the intercellular air
spaces. Vegetation is very dark in visible range of
hM Me oU P^ vA UN
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