International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
Public 
  
  
  
   
Monitoring 
Evaluation 
  
NGO’s 
  
  
  
Figure 1. Conceptual presentation of different elements of the 
research 
Applying compensatory model in sustainable forest 
management evaluation needs careful examination. Allowing 
complete compensation of bad performance, how bad it is, of 
certain indicator by the good performance one, may be not true. 
Certain indicators could be fundamental to achieve the 
sustainability of forest management such as forest area 
certainty, biodiversity conservation and assurance of local 
community and employee’s right, while the others are not. 
Therefore they must be achieved at certain level of performance 
or threshold and cannot be compensated by any other 
indicators. However in another part compensation may be 
acceptable as a fair way in evaluation, it is most unlikely to be 
good in every aspects of evaluation. 
The current certification system for assessing sustainability of 
forest management has problems in input and in processing. In 
the input part the major problems are that a) the verifiers are of 
diverse nature and vaguely defined, b) experts assess the 
verifiers using verbal judgement but these judgements are 
considered as crisp number so judgement uncertainty is not 
considered and c) moreover on the ground verifiers are 
interrelated, but in the current system they are put under 
different hierarchical levels and hence their ground interaction 
reality is restricted. In the processing part a) Crisp numbers 
leads to under estimation or over-estimation, b) these numbers 
are processed using mathematical aggregation based on AHP 
(Saaty, 1995) and hence uncontrolled degree of compensation 
that leads to irrational interactions and information loss and c) 
interpretation of finally derived crisp number. These problems 
are systematically researched and analysed in the research to 
choose a proper approach and necessary procedures, which can 
lead to decisive assessment of SFM (Purbawiyatna, 2002). 
Jeganathan (2003) and Retno (2004) use AHP, Fuzzy-AHP; 
Fuzzy Reasoning approaches, to explore the alternative method 
of assessing the sustainability of the forest management. They 
found that fuzzy reasoning based approaches gives more 
flexibility, transparency and full control on the processes 
involved in achieving the rational sustainability assessment. For 
a complex problem of decision making, such as assessment of 
the sustainable forest management, the result usually need to be 
350 
  
  
  
  
Certification System 
   
   
VCI UlIULIOuuit 
  
  
Voluntary 
Certification 
  
    
  
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
MoF 
  
  
  
  
   
Mandatory 
Certification 
   
Pa 
- 
- 
obtained through reasoning by rules. This study has found that 
rule base assessment in fuzzy reasoning model allows better 
linking of the human knowledge with the existing indicators. 
3.2 Potential role of remote sensing and GIS application 
Potential role of application of RS/GIS in certification process 
were identified as determination of forest management 
typology, land-cover change determination and analysis of the 
status of biodiversity (Aguma, 2002; Dahal, 2002; Wardhana, 
2002). Fauzi (2001) researched detection of forest structure 
change using image classification and found remote sensing 
application practical, since it deal with huge and often 
inaccessible area.. Cui (2003) and Santosh (2003) found that 
Landsat-7 ETM+ can play a partial, but also crucial role for 
supporting forest certification process in Indonesia. They 
demonstrated that the following six indicators can be positively 
assessed with reasonable accuracy using remotely sensed data 
i.e. Landsat ETM+: 
- P1.1-“It must be guaranteed that land will remain as a 
forest area” 
- P1.3-“The level of change in land cover due to 
encroachment and conversion of forest, fire, and other 
factors” 
- P2.5-“Condition of remaining stands” 
- P2.7-“Infrastructure of the forest management unit in the 
harvesting of forest products" 
- P2.8-"Implementation of reduced impact logging" 
- E1.3-“The intensity of damage in protected areas which 
includes the danger of forest fires" 
Among these 6 indicators, P1.3 and E1.3 can be assessed 
quantitatively, while others can only be assessed qualitatively. 
He also showed that object-oriented image analysis, which is 
implemented by eCognition software, is the suitable image 
processing method for the information extraction to support 
forest certification process, although it is not very easy to usc. 
Many functions provided by it are not available yet in other 
pixel-based techniques, and some of these functions are useful 
for assessing forest management. 
Considering the large amount of indicators and the difficulty of 
getting relatively cloud free images, Landsat-7 ETM- data can 
only partially be used to support certification process in 
Indonesia. Meanwhile, considering the importance of indicators 
  
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REFEREN 
Aguma, R. 
L 
Ii 
C 
I 
Anita Zait 
L 
a 
Baharudin, 
Gu Y. c 
Fauzi, A.