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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004
telecom operators claim a position accuracy of 100 meter or
less, but as the status, the location and the operation of the
‘space’ segment (the transmitters) is not guaranteed (in contrast
to GNSS), i.e. one can not trust the derived location of the user.
Moreover without a clear business model needed to justify
adjusting their ground stations and developing a kind of
positioning service (in ordinary situations), telecom operator
will not take the lead. However, in case of disaster
management, telecom operators have to be prepared to use
telecom positioning for alerting people in the affected area.
In general, we believe that developments in global positioning
systems will reach a stage to be sufficient within the majority of
situations in disaster management, especially when
communicating with citizens. Further developments will be
needed to allow receivers to be applied within buildings and
other GNSS-hostile environments. A sort of hybrid systems
have to be developed that will connect to a special kind of
transmitters, WLAN and other short distance networks to
provide the rescue teams with highly specialised services. As
the kind of service needed to help people within buildings is
more specific compared to outdoor applications the
development of these short range-positioning tools will be
driven by specialized vendors and operators.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have concentrated on important aspects of a
system for disaster management: 3D geo-data management and
3D positioning of the mobile user.
We expect that geo-information will have a critical impact on
the first period of an emergency handling. This will be achieved
by providing targeted information rapidly (having developed
the models and frameworks as they are discussed in Sections 3
and 4) and by collecting relevant information from the filed that
will assist coordinating rescue operations (maintaining historic
models by keeping integrity and consistency, propagating
information to all the users). Handling emergency will benefit
from knowledge approaches, based on the extraction of
information from multiple and distributed databases. These
databases have to be based on federated and collaboration
architectures (as discussed in Section 4) to provide the
emergency sector with all insights that can be realistically
obtained in support of life saving and protection of material
assets. This will prevent that vital data will not be usable simply
because of technical issues.
Accurate 3D positioning (as discussed in Section 5) will
facilitate the logistics of emergency operations by providing 3D
navigation capabilities in indoor and outdoor environments,
which are unfamiliar to the rescuers. This will increase the net
availability of resources for the core emergency tasks and limit
the chaotic nature of emergency handling.
We firmly believe that a better utilisation of geo-information
will contribute to better monitoring and fighting disasters,
leading to shorter response times, focused and efficient
emergency operations.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank our partners in the EU FP6 proposal ‘Knowledge
engineering-technology for improving Urban and Urgent Risk
Management (U2RM)' for their pleasant cooperation (and the
inspiration to write this paper). This publication is the result of
633
the research programme 'Sustainable Urban Areas' (SUA)
carried out by Delft University of Technology.
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