International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
2.2 Image classification and V-I-S Model 
SPOT HRV XI images for 25 July 1999 and 4 October 1999 
(spatial resolution of around 20 metres), were geometrically 
corrected using 26 ground control points derived from a 
1:25,000 map of the area. Images were transformed to 
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates using a first 
order polynomial transformation and nearest neighbour 
resampling. The pre-earthquake and post-earthquake images 
were classified using the Iterative Self-Organizing DATA 
(ISODATA) classifier (without atmospheric correction). 
Twenty-five ISODATA spectral classes were combined to form 
4 classes: (i) vegetation, (ii) impervious I (urban), (iii) 
impervious II (urban and collapsed buildings) and (iv) soil 
(neither vegetation or urban). 
The Vegetation-Impervious-Soil (V-I-S) of Ridd (1995) (figure 
3) describes the biophysical composition of an urban area as a 
function of three components: vegetation, impervious (surfaces 
such as buildings and roads) and soil (defined as surfaces that 
are neither vegetation or urban) (Madhavan et al., 2001; Phinn 
et al., 2002). As such it provides a means of assessing the trend 
and relative magnitude of land cover change in an urban area. 
Impervious 
       
    
  
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Figure 3. The Vegetation-Impervious-Soil model (Ridd, 1995). 
3. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 
The inner city of Adapazari comprised 25.1 % vegetated, 33.7 
% impervious and 41.2 % soil before the earthquake but 23.5 % 
vegetated, 32.7 % impervious (7.1 % were collapsed buildings) 
and 43.8 % soil after the earthquake (figures 4, 5). The area of 
collapsed buildings contained less shadow and more bright 
(concrete) surfaces than the other impervious areas and was 
distinguished readily by the classifier. 
636 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
| um a 
e Vegetation © Impervious | 
O Impervious II (Collapsed buildings) © Soil | 
Figure 4. Four class images of Adapazari a) pre-earthquake and 
b) post-earthquake. 
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