International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatia 
(1 
FAN 
     
43 
2$ ux 
Maw 1503. 000000 
Osa 123062324 
Median 133 000001 
Mes 19 
Odaama Same: 77 762001 
Stat Gama 450834 
  
Dfdeos Sapwns 172113 
Standart Say 5234 
Figure.l Histogram of damaged and undamaged building. 
The used photographs are taken in Gólcük in 1993 and 1999 
and in Adapazari in 1994 and 1999. 
The aerial photographs which are used have different scales. 
The scale of the photographs before the earthquake is 1:35000, 
after the earthquake is 1:18000. The general specifications of 
both photos are given below: 
e — Photographs of Gólcük; date 1993 and 1999 related 
e Photographs of Adapazari, date 1994 and 1999 related 
e The reports of the camera calibration belong to the all 
photographs. 
e Exterior orientation parameters belong to the all 
photographs. 
The critical point of this study is the vector data of buildings 
before the earthquake are superimposed correctly to the aerial 
photographs after the earthquake. For this reason, aerial 
photographs after the earthquake are transformed into the geo- 
coded coordinate system. In this stage, the model are formed 
which belongs to the stereo photos after the earthquake. 
Coordinates of photos and exterior orientation parameters 
which have three dimensional coordinates belonging to the 
vector data are shown in equation (1) and (2) as the parameters 
of interior orientation are known, image coordinates are 
obtained from the photograph coordinates by the application of 
the affine transformation. 
Basically, for an automatic recognition of building regions in 
images, altimetric information in addition to planimetric 
information have to be used because the usage of images only 
can not completely lead us for building recognition (Seresht, 
2000). Because of the earthquake the region is deformed. Also, 
the elevations of the damaged buildings are changed. Between 
the reality and theoretical model, undesirable differences have 
occurred. In other words, after the earthquake photos, the vector 
data does not superimpose correctly on the buildings. For that 
reason, the user can modify regions interactively. The 
deformation is the ground moved in different direction, but the 
buildings are moved systematically in each different direction. 
l Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
Therefore, to superimpose vector data and raster data that 
belong to the buildings, the user can draw a selection polygon 
and moved the selected area opposite of the deformation 
direction. 
a, (X —- Xo) + a, (Y - Yo) +ay(Z — Zo) 
a CX — Xo) + a3, (Y — Yo) + aZ Zo) (1) 
: a (X = Xo) + a„(Y-Yo)+ an (Z Zo) 
  
= —C 
ay (X — Xo) - a (Y = Yo) + ay, (Z = Zo) (2) 
where c = focal length 
X, Y, Z = ground coordinates 
x, y = photograph coordinates 
Xo, Yo, Zo = Photograph middle point 
coordinates 
a = orientation matrix 
Image coordinates of the vector data belonging to a building 
before and after the earthquake are calculated from the 
photographs. Histograms which are related to these areas are 
calculated automatically. Deciding whether a building is 
damaged or not by using the developed algorithm, the 
calculation of the number of pixels forming the building, grey 
values average of a set of pixels, minimum and maximum pixel 
grey values, mode, median average deviation and standard 
deviation are calculated. These values are used for initial 
parameters for the algorithm. 
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 2. Histograms and photos of damaged and overlapped 
buildings 
When the region of Gólcük's histogram and statistical values 
are analyzed, the differences of standard deviations before and 
after the earthquake appear to be useful information in the stage 
of decision. If the differences of standard deviations before and 
after earthquake are used to determine the situation, the ratio of 
accuracy is 9695.88 where the number of the building are 94 
and 21 of them are damaged (Figure 2.). 
640 
Intei 
  
In t 
phot 
dete: 
used 
appl 
Espe 
regic 
builc 
infor 
the n 
the a 
If tv 
orier 
prob 
algoi 
In « 
man: 
earth 
after 
disas 
Bayr 
in € 
Nati 
Proc 
Gling 
Engi 
Khar 
2000 
Sale, 
Rem 
183. 
Kim 
appre 
vol. 1 
Lami 
comt 
Poly? 
Cons 
Leto 
Feat 
Segn 
ISPR 
Raaf: 
Datal 
With 
Sensi 
Seres 
Reco 
of P| 
XXX