MEASUREMENT OF GROUND DEFORMATION INDUCED 
BY LIQUEFACTION AND FAULTING IN THE 1999 KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE AREA 
V. O. Atak *, O. Aksu *, Ó.Aydan ^, M. Önder * and G.Toz e 
? General Command of Mapping 
? Department of Marine Civil Engineering, 
, Dikimevi, Ankara, Türkiye-(oatak, oaksu, monder)@hgk.mil.tr 
Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu, Japan - aydan@scc.u-tokai.ac.jp 
© ITU, Civil Engineering Faculty, 80626 Maslak Istanbul, Türkiye — tozg@itu.edu.tr 
Commission VII, WG VII/S 
KEYWORDS: Earthquakes, Soil, Photogrammetry, Measurement, Vector 
ABSTRACT: 
Turkey is one of the most seismically activ 
earthquakes mostly result in permanent ground defo 
by which sediments below the water table temporari 
the soil which produce liquefaction are as follows; seismic waves 
Photogrammetry and remote sensing met 
provide wide opportunities for determination of.ground displacement dep 
This study was undertaken as the quantitative measurement of permanent groun 
from the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey. The permanent ground deformation was measured 
und the Sapanca Lake and the southern shore of izmit Bay, in the center of Sakarya city 
ake are Hotel region, Esme and Left corner region. The measurement 
asiskele, Seymen, Gôleük, Degirmendere, Hahdere, Ulash, Hersek and Yalova. 
hs taken before the earthquake in 1994 and 1:16 000 scaled aerial photographs 
taken after the earthquake in 1999 were compared. Only in Avcilar the aerial photographs taken in four different scales and time were 
used. After aerial triangulation process, operators made coordinate me 
points. The selected common points are cross roads, intersection of roads an 
d as the liquefaction and / or faulting induced displacements. 
liquefaction and faulting resulted 
through aerial photogrammetry technique aro 
and Avcilar. The measurement areas around the Sapanca L 
areas around the southern shore of izmit Bay are B 
For the purpose, 1:35 000 scaled aerial photograp 
€ 
these common points were interprete 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Liquefaction is a process by which sediments below the water 
table temporarily lose strength and behave as a viscous liquid 
rather than a solid. Liquefaction of ground below ground water 
table is caused by the excess pore pressure due to shaking 
resulting from earthquakes or blasting. As a result the ground 
temporarily loses their strength and bearing capacity and it 
behaves as a viscous liquid rather than a solid (Figure 1). The 
actions in the soil, which cause liquefaction, are seismic waves 
and especially primarily shear waves. Liquefaction occurs in 
saturated soils, that is, soils in which the spaces between 
individual particles are completely filled with water (Youd, 
1972). 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 1. Liquefaction 
e countries in the world and most of her damaging earthquakes are of inland-type. These 
rmation as a consequence of faulting and liquefaction. Liquefaction is a process 
ly lose strength and behave as a viscous liquid rather than a solid. The actions in 
and especially primarily shear waves. 
hods, in which aerial photographs, satellite images and SAR laser profiling data are used, 
ending on resolution and measuring accuracy. 
d deformation and associated strain fields induced by 
asurements on points which were determined as common 
d streams, building corners, etc. The differences between 
The faults breaks produce ground deformation damages and 
three dimensional displacements on the ground and structure 
which are caused by liquefaction and faulting after an 
earthquake and can be determined by using photogrammetry 
and remote sensing data and methods too. 
Although the effect of faulting on the permanent ground 
deformation is known, the effect of liquefaction, which is called 
lateral spreading, became to be known after the 1964 Niigata 
earthquake. Liquefaction phenomenon was observed in almost 
all earthquakes occurred in Turkey when the reports of the past 
earthquakes are carefully examined. Nevertheless, it did not 
receive any attention until the recent March 13, 1992 Erzincan 
earthquake (Aydan and Hamada, 1992; Aydan et al., 1999). 
Because earthquakes having magnitude greater than 6 often 
result in surface ruptures due to earthquake faulting too, the 
ground deformation induced in large Turkish earthquakes (like 
the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake produced a fault break of more 
than 150km long and caused extensive ground liquefaction) 
represents almost the extreme conditions and it deserves a 
careful evaluation of ground deformation induced by both 
ground liquefaction and surface fault breaks (Aydan et al., 
1999). 
The effect of liquefaction was quite extensive at Adapazari and 
Sapanca Lake. A collaborative research project to measure 
permanent ground deformation due to liquefaction and faulting 
was initiated by Waseda University (Japan) and General 
Command of Mapping (Turkey) in 2001. Adapazari, Sapanca 
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