International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Int 
R,zR.-a.)*e, Ru A, (12) 
R, - &,0T,. (13) 
1/7 
e 
o^ zl.24| —- 
&, =1.24 T (14) 
R, = sat! (15) 
where E Evapotranspiration 
e | A-(de /dT), 
As d db eee ken da SEE Y*cpp/£l, 
nens m es Qu = Available energy flux density (mm/day) 
coniferous tree f(u) = Wind function (mm/day) 
EN evergreen broad- leaved tree u = Mean wind-speed (m/s) 
ENN deciduous broad- leaved tree e, = Saturated vapor pressure (hPa) 
: : e, ^ Vapor pressure e (hPa) 
Figure 7. Vegetation types R, = Net radiation (W/m? ) 
L, = Latent heat (72.454x 10 J/kg) 
3.7 Comprehending Water Cycle R, = Short-wave radiation (W/m°) 
es , > as = Albedo 
Water cycle in forest could simply be showed as follows. Ru = Downward long-wave radiation (W/m? ) 
R^ = Upward long-wave radiation (W/m° ) 
PrE4D+G (9) = Emissivity of surface (=0.97) 
T — Atmospheric emissivity 
where RE Precipitation ; 5= Stefan-Bolzmann constant (5.67x10% Wm?K*) 
ES Evapotraspiration T, - Atmospheric temperature (K) F 
D River dischatge T, ^ Surface temperature (K) 
G = Groundwater infiltration ; 
: : N The albedo and the surface temperature were calculated from 
These were Calculated from ihe rele semine daa, the CIS the Landsat/TM images. The PE is the mean of the 
data, and the metrological data respectively 8 : : reflectance in the visible spectrum. Figure 9 shows the 
We ; adopted t he monthly meteorol ogical grid data for calculated spatial distribution of the albedo. The surface 
Breeipitation. Figure 8 shows the precipitation of the monthly temperature was calculated from TM6. Figure 10 shows the 
meteorological grid data. estimated spatial distribution of the surface temperature. We 
adopted the monthly meteorological grid data for atmospheric 
temperature. Figure 11 shows the atmospheric temperature of 
the monthly meteorological grid data. Wind-speed, vapor 
pressure, and, short-wave radiation was used from the 
metrological data. In addition, short-wave radiation was used 
from the solar radiation. Table 4 shows metrological data used. 
| : Ne 
ans 
reg 
act 
dis 
: dis 
Figure 8. Spatial distribution of precipitation 
Evapotranspiration was calculated by the improved Penman’s 
method. 
A . 
E = Qt foe, 6.) (10) 
A*y 5 *4 Figure 9. Spatial distribution of the albedo 
d= R, (11) 
L, 
January| Febrary| March | April] May | June Jul | August] Septem ber] O ctober Novem ber| Decem ber 
w nd-speed 10 14 10 T1. 10 99 08 09 08 08 09 10 
sohr radatbn | 423 598 723 | 648 | 784 6 44 822 6 90 452 396 306 384 Gr 
vapor pæssuæ| 635 308 891 [891] 1209 | 1630 | 3405 | 4123 2104 14 92 1041 636 ev: 
14 
Table 4. Mean values of wind-speed, solar radiation, and vapor pressure inf 
dis 
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