International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004
The Anatolian Plate has been subjected to several tectonic
effects between the Eurasian in the north and Gondwanaland
in the south during the geological history. This effect has been
continuing by the escaping Anatolian plate since the Late
Pliocene time (Koçyigit and Beyhan, 1998) in the WSW
direction onto the African plate along the Hellenic-Cyprus
subduction zone. This motion has been transforming by two
major intra-continental transform plate boundaries, which are
North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) and East Anatolian
Fault System (EAFS) (Figure 1). The other striking secondary
faults are the left-lateral Central Anatolian Fault Zone
(CAFZ), the right-lateral Salt Lake Fault Zone (SLFZ), and
the inônü-Eskisehir and Aksehir oblique-slip normal fault
zones (Kogyigit and Ozacar, 2003). The area of neotectonic
extensional tectonic regime is in effective in the southwestern
part of Anatolia, partly covering the Central Anatolia region
(Figure 1). The measured GPS vectors are also showing that
the region moves to the WSW direction by rotating
counterclockwise rotation around a pole in the Sinai (Oral et
al. 1995; Altiner et al. 1997; Reilenger et al. 2002).
The study area is locating in the most active part of the region
that the extensional tectonic regime is dominant. The
extraction of lineaments and classifications of the faults are
necessary to clarify of the complex structure of this area. This
will benefit to the studies in several subjects such as seismic
studies, natural hazard and risk assessment, engineering,
mineral and oil exploration, researches of water and
geothermal resources and the indirect usage in the cultural
heritages and archaeological cite investigations and preserves.
This article aims to give the first results, methods and
objectives of the project that has begun in General Directorate
of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) of Turkey.
Another intention is to introduce the project and to attract
attention of the researchers in different disciplines in the
international level to look for the partners. The authors have
been carrying out for several years using remote sensing
techniques on geological studies (Akman et al. 2000, 2001a,
b; Akman and San 2002; Tüfekçi et el. 2002; Tüfekçi and
Akman 2004). The first objective of the project was to extract
the lineaments and then interpret the quantitative of the faults.
The faults will be compared with the all data such as
distribution of earthquakes, hot springs, available GPS
measurements and fault solutions, and some geophysical-
gravimetric and magnetic-data. After the ground truth studies,
the digital and printed fault maps that have the database will
be prepared in regional level (in scale 1:100 000 and 1:250
000). Those will be. used in the areas that given above and
besides, they may be the base maps for the regional tectonic
interpretations. In this article, after giving the methods used
and a simplified regional geology, the first striking results of
the project will be given.
2. METHODS
There are several techniques that have been developed for the
last decade and mostly based on DEM data to determine the
topographic features and the geological / geomorphologic
characteristics of the terrain, and also used in Turkey.
Altitudinal dispersion anomalies, standard geomorphic
models, over-ground and under-ground openness, analysis of
drainage and lineament patterns, denudation, dissection,
aspect, slope and so on (Akman et. al. 2000, 2001a, 2001b;
Sanga et al. 1999, 2001) are the methods and maps that will be
used in this study. There is a difference between the actual
landform and a geomorphic model, and this difference was
named "altitudinal dispersion anomaly". This altitudinal
dispersion anomaly reflects the discontinuous change of the
anomaly values at geologic boundaries of geologic units and
tectonic movements. Information regarding geologic boundaries
and faults can be extracted from these discontinuities. Akman et
al. (2001a) concluded that the Simav and Alasehir (Gediz) rift
valleys have the same tectonic activity and length using this
method. One of the objectives of this project is also to use the
known methods above and develop a method for extracting
geologic structural elements by using DEM for the western
Anatolia and therefore, extracting tectonic movements such as
uplift — subsidence and differential block movements.
2.1 Lineament Extraction
The lineaments of the study were extracted by visual
interpretations (Figure 2). Anaglyph images, stereoscopic
images and multi-angle shade images are the most suitable data
to extract the lineaments of the extensive areas. The last needs
DEM with the spatial resolution 10 to 30 m to extract a
lineament map high in quality. The most suitable illumination
angles for the study area are 0?, 60? and 120? (with light source
height at 30°). The stereoscopic images have been prepared
from the available ASTER data that has the stereoscopic sensor
performing nadir viewing (3N) and simultaneous backward
viewing (3B) in VNIR Band 3. Therefore, anaglyph images
were generated and found as the most suitable method.
The visual interpretations of lineaments / faults are based the
following criteria; (a) photographic characteristics such as tone
and texture, (b) geomorphologic features such as; drainage
patterns and density, rock resistance, landforms and
development of bedding, (c) superficial cover such as
vegetation and cultivation. The extraction criteria of the
lineament are based on the geomorphologic features such as
existence of fault-scarp, straight valley, extra-ordinary straight
arrangement of river passages, existence of kerncol and
kernbut, straight arrangement of the conversion points on the
slope inclination, straight arrangement of the conversion points
on the inclination of sedimentary rocks where the gentle
inclination changes to the steep one, straight arrangement of
triangular surfaces, displacement of ridge lines and river
passages, drainage anomaly, straight arrangement of lakes, hot
springs, volcanic vents, water wells, slope failures, landslides,
alluvial fan gaps and vertical or horizontal linear displacement
of river terraces.
2.0 Anaglyph Image Generation
Anaglyph images have been generated using LANDSAT-TM
and the DEM of the region. As known, a colour anaglyph image
of a region provides a 3D simulation by the image and DEM of
the area. A shift is created in one band of the image by a
trigonometric computing. One of the best anaglyph image
results of the study area was obtained by; band 1 of
LANDSAT-TM images was assigned to red band associated
with the left eye and band 4 and 5 were assigned to the blue and
green bands associated with the right eye. The glasses had a red
colour for the left eye and cyan colour for the right eye was
used to obser ¢ the 3D effect of the terrain. The relief was
exaggerated by 3 times and output scale was determined as
1:100 000. Therefore, the output image was the best one of the
alternative base-maps to produce in scale 1:100 000. In the case
of using the 432 band combinations of LANDSAT-TM in the
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