International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B7. Istanbul 2004
other area in short period of time due to the fast growing nature
of tropical forest it should be quite different for some period as
felling of single tree creates an average of about 400 m^ of
opening in such forest. Therefore, there is a possibility of
detecting such newly logged points using medium resolution
image data. In addition, integration of some geographic
information system (GIS) operation with remote sensing data
can strengthen the analysis. For example, the location of road is
quite important for planned as well as unplanned, legal or
illegal logging. Whatever be the methods, there is no doubt that
if such selectively logged points can be identified with known
level of error, it will be quite useful to support SFM
certification, to monitor illegal logging and to take
rehabilitation measures.
Moreover, most of the work that has been done to detect illegal
logging so far used the traditional maximum Likelihood
Classifier. So far Maximum Likelihood has not achieved a good
accuracy in classifying illegal logging using medium spatial
resolution satellite data such as Landsat TM images. Sub-pixel
classifier has better chance to classify illegal logging because in
most of the cases it is a one or less than one pixel issue when
one tree is cut.
The objective of this research was to compare the ability of
Sub-pixel Classifier and the traditional Maximum Likelihood
Classifier in detecting illegal logging and mapping tropical
forest. cover types in Labanan Forest, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia.
2. STUDY AREA
2.1 Description
The study area is located in East Kalimantan in the Island of
Borneo (Indonesia) between latitude 2°10’ N and 1°45°N, and
longitude 116?55' E and 117?20' E. The Labanan forest is
located in a lowland dipterocarp forest and is currently under
adaptive collaborative management (ACM) to achieve
sustainable management of the forest.
The average rainfall is 2000 mm per year. The topography is
undulating to steeply rolling, raising from sea level in the east
near the confluence of the Segah and Kelai river to over 500 m
in the foothills of the mountains to the west of Labanan
(Bhandari, 2003). The study area is surrounded by four
transmigration villages with a total population of 3,000. There
are nine indigenous villages in the area with a population of
4.000. The center city of Berau is Tanjung Redeb with a
population of 13,000. Most of the transmigrated people are
active in agriculture.
2.2 Forest Management System
Forest management operations started in the Labanan
concession in 1974 under PT Inhutani I. The area was co-
managed by the BFMP (Berau Forest Management Project)
from 1996 (BFMP, 2002) to 2002. BFMP is a European Union
project, which was intended as an operational level
demonstration of sustainable forest management of tropical
forest. Environmental and economic sustainability of the
management were assessed through a variety of criteria and
indicator.
This area is now under adaptive collaborative management
headed by the ACM company PT. Hutan Sanggam Labanan
Lestari. The main actors in this ACM are (a) Pemerintah
Kabubaten Berau with 5096 share; (b) PT. Inhutani with 3096
share; and (c) Perusda Sylva Kaltim Sejahtera with 20% share.
Adaptive collaborative management (ACM) is founded on a
learning process of adapting forest management strategies in the
course of time. Collaboration among the stakeholders is an
essential part of ACM in which the local community is
unavoidably involved. The issue in ACM is to learn from
knowledge and experience, and to improve the capability of
dealing with the complex and dynamic interaction between
humans and the natural components in forest management.
However, this newly implemented system is under heavy
pressure of illegal logging.
The entire concession area covers 83,300 ha; 54,600 ha under
permanent production, 27,000 ha under limited production and
1,700 ha used for other purposes. Logging activities are carried
out according to the Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting
(TPTI) sylviculture system. Based on this system the Labanan
concession area is divided into seven RKL’s (Recana Karya
Lima tahun or 5 years plan) (Figure 1). Each RKL, representing
a S-year plan, is further divided into five annual coupes
(RKT's). An average of 8 trees per ha are logged at 35 years
interval; only commercial species with dbh 7 50 cm are logged
(Sist et al., 2003). Logging has been taking place progressively
since 1976. Large parts of the natural forest in Labanan have
already been logged over (RKLI to 5). At present logging is
carried out in RKL6 whereas RKL7 is still unlogged.
L village FN
fe - x /
[7] RkKL 2 / Suh x
[5] RKL_3 / i
CJ RKL_4 / zm = 1
[27] RKL. 5 *
E]RKL 6 mem S
C] RKL7 }
[5 Rotan & Ulin /
{Protected |
area
d Ed
p b "UA v y £ 3
« — f M" (
> a D rex / =
E | / /
N, SN
S. i Qu Zz
| /
i +
/
Figure 1. Labanan concession: 5 year working plan
2.3 Illegal Logging of Single Tree
Like in many forested areas in Indonesia, the Labanan
concession is also affected by illegal logging. Previous research
in this area by Bhandari (2003) showed evidence of a particular
type of illegal logging in RKL one Le. illegal felling of single
trees. Detection of single-tree felling can assist the actors in
ACM to assess the occurrence, location and extent of this
particular type of illegal logging and therefore contribute to the
sustainable management of the Labanan concession. The test
site for the purpose of classifying and detecting single tree
934
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