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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B-YF. Istanbul 2004 
  
2.1 Manual On-Screen Digitizing 
Evolving computer technology enabled digitizing interactively 
which was made in the former times on digitizing tables. The 
details on graphical map are traced on the screen via proper 
software. The end product is a compound of many user defined 
layers. The topology is created and edited by the user himself. 
2.2 Object Oriented Image Analysis 
In object oriented image analysis the basic processing units are 
not only individual pixels but also image objects or segments. 
The classifiers in object oriented image analysis are soft 
classifiers that are based on fuzzy logic. Soft classifiers use 
membership to express an object’s assignment to a defined 
class. The membership value lies between 0.0 and 1.0, where 
0.0 expresses absolute improbability and 1.0 expresses a 
complete assignment to a class. The degree of membership 
depends on the degree to which the objects fulfill the class- 
describing conditions. One advantage of these soft classifiers 
lies in their possibility to express uncertainties about the 
classes’ descriptions. The basic processing units in object 
oriented image analysis are objects or pixel clusters, with object 
oriented approach to analyze images, the first step is always to 
form the processing units by image segmentation (Yan, 2003). 
After all processes mentioned above the objects on the image 
can be recognized by software using pre-defined parameters. 
Thus, what at manual digitizing the user carries out is handed 
over to computer software. Operator intervenes in case of 
making essential alterations to the parameters. 
3. STUDY AREA AND UTILIZED DATA 
The study area, which is shown in Figure 1, is a part of 
Zonguldak city, located in Western Black Sea region of Turkey. 
It is famous with being one of the main hard coal mining field 
in the world. Although losing economical interest, there are 
several coal mines still active in Zonguldak. Area has a rolling 
topography, in some parts, with steep and rugged terrain. While 
partly built city area is located alongside the sea coast, there are 
some agricultural lands and forest inner regions. In the study 
area the elevation ranges roughly up to 400 m. 
  
Figure 1. Study area 
115 
  
In this test, image part from full panoramic KVR-1000 frame 
with frame number of 2252 and the viewing date of October 
17”, 2000 was implemented. The first phase in the production 
of KVR-1000 orthoimages in Sovinformsputnik (SIS) is the 
scanning of hardcopy KVR-1000 photographs. This task was 
realized by the Zeiss SCAI scanner using 7 um pixel size. For 
rectification of KVR-1000 images, the PC-based digital 
photogrammetric system called Ortho/Z-Space developed by 
the cooperation of SIS and Russian Institute GosNIAS was 
used. In this process, generally DEM from stereo TK-350 
images or by the available mapping materials can be used. In 
the given case, for orthoimage generation, DEM digitized from 
the topographic maps of 1:100000 scale (with the height 
accuracy of 20 m) was used (information from the SIS). The 
used KVR-1000 orthoimage’s pixel size is 1.56 m, ellipsoid is 
WGS-84, projection is UTM. It is in 8-bit grayscale. For the 
purposes, large scale maps (1:1000) which photogrammetrically 
produced are used. These maps date back to 1997. 
4. MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC DIGITIZING 
Two methods have been used in this study. The first one is on- 
screen digitizing which requires user intervention at the whole 
digitizing process. The second method requires some settings 
prior to processing. Here operator plays also a crucial role but 
the intervention is slightly reduced compared to manual 
methods. The method used in this study is object oriented image 
analysis approach as described in the second section briefly. 
The study area consists of 2 km x 1.8 km sub-image of a KVR- 
1000 orthoimage covering nearly 14 km x 14 km on the ground. 
Computer Aided Design (CAD) software has been used for on- 
screen digitizing. While KVR-1000 image is in WGS-84 
coordinate system, the 1:1000 maps are in national coordinate 
system. Thus, a transformation between both systems is 
necessary. The transformation has been made by polynomial 
methods and yielded an accuracy of 4.5 m. Corresponding 
transformation points in both systems are chosen visually. 
Buildings = 
Figure 2. Digitized structures and study area 
On-screen digitizing result is given in Figure 2 in green color 
overlapped on orthoimage. Centre lines of roads can be shown 
as red color in the same figure. The digitized vector results 
represent the area as seen from this overview image. For the