Full text: Technical Commission III (B3)

  
COMBINED GEOMETRIC/RADIOMETRIC POINT CLOUD MATCHING 
FOR SHEAR ANALYSIS 
S. Gehrke 
North West Geomatics Ltd., Suite 212, 5438 - 11" Street NE, Calgary, Alberta, T2E 7E9, Canada — 
stephan.gehrke(g)nwgeo.com 
Commission III, WG III/2 
KEY WORDS: Geometry, Radiometry, Adjustment, Matching, Point Cloud, High Resolution, Quality 
ABSTRACT: 
In the recent past, dense image matching methods such as Semi-Global Matching (SGM) became popular for many applications. The 
SGM approach has been adapted to and implemented for Leica ADS line-scanner data by North West Geomatics (North West) in co- 
operation with Leica Geosystems; it is used in North West's production workflow. One of the advantages of ADS imagery is the 
calibrated color information (RGB and near infrared), extending SGM-derived point clouds to dense “image point clouds” or, more 
general, information clouds (info clouds). 
With the goal of automating the quality control of ADS data, info clouds are utilized for Shear Analysis: Three-dimensional offsets 
of adjacent ADS image strips are determined from a pattern of info cloud pairs in strip overlaps by point cloud matching. The 
presented approach integrates geometry (height) and radiometry (intensity) information; matching is based on local point-to-plane 
distances for all points in a given cloud. The offset is derived in a least squares adjustment by applying it to each individual distance 
computation equation. Using intensities in addition to heights greatly benefits the offset computation, because intensity gradients 
tend to occur more frequently than height gradients. They can provide or complement the required information for the derivation of 
planimetric offset components. The paper details the combined geometric/radiometric point cloud matching approach and verifies the 
results against manual measurements. 
KURZFASSUNG: 
Dichte, pixelbasierte Bildzuordnungsverfahren wie das Semi-Global Matching (SGM) gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung für 
verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche. SGM ist von North West Geomatics (North West) in Zusammenarbeit mit Leica Geosystems für 
den ADS Zeilenscanner implementiert worden; es wird bei North West in der Produktion eingesetzt. Ein Vorteil der ADS sind die 
kalibrierten Farbkanäle (RGB und nahes infrarot), welche die SGM-basierten Punktwolken zu „Informationswolken“ (Info Clouds) 
verallgemeinern. 
Mit dem Ziel der Automatisierung der Qualitätskontrolle von ADS-Blöcken werden solche Punktwolken zur Analyse der relativen 
geometrischen Genauigkeit (Shear Analysis) genutzt: Dreidimensionale Differenzen zwischen benachbarten ADS-Bildstreifen 
werden in einem vorgegebenen Muster von paarweise abgeleiteten Punktwolken in Überlappungsbereichen bestimmt. Der vor- 
gestellte Ansatz integriert die geometrische Information (Punkthöhen) und die radiometrische Information (Intensitäten); die 
Zuordnung basiert auf Punkt-Ebene-Abständen für alle Punkte in der Wolke. Der mittlere Abstand wird in einer Kleinste-Quadrate- 
Ausgleichung bestimmt, wobei dieser in jeder einzelnen Abstandsberechnung als Unbekannte angesetzt wird. Die Erweiterung der 
zunächst geometriebasierten Zuordnung um die Intensitäten ist von entscheidendem Vorteil, da Intensitätsgradienten häufiger als 
Höhengradienten auftreten und damit zusätzliche Daten vor allem zur Berechnung der planimetrischen Abstandskomponenten 
bereitstellen können. Der Beitrag zeigt den integrierten geometrisch-radiometrischen Zuordnungsansatz und verifiziert die Ergeb- 
nisse im Vergleich zu manuellen Messungen. 
1. INTRODUCTION In the context of this research, we aim for utilizing info clouds 
to automate the quality control (QC) for Leica ADS line-scan- 
ner data. The current geometry QC process is two-fold: Abso- 
lute block accuracy is verified with ground control points and 
relative agreement between individual ADS flight lines (strips) 
is determined from stereo measurements of well-defined check 
points in the strip overlap areas. All such points are manually 
measured, and the three-dimensional point offsets in-between 
adjacent strips are used to derive QC parameters, e.g. root mean 
square (RMS) values for the block. Due to the number of strip- 
to-strip check points required, this is a costly process in both 
elapsed time and man-hours (Gehrke et al., 2012). 
Dense image matching — such as the Semi-Global Matching 
(SGM) method (Hirschmüller, 2005, 2008) — is currently be- 
coming popular for a broad variety of applications. Highly 
optimized implementations enable a fast collection of point 
clouds in the resolution of the input imagery and, based on that, 
the derivation of high-resolution Digital Surface Models. More- 
over, a point cloud is a very useful data set in itself, especially if 
the geometry is combined with the color data of the underlying 
imagery. Hence the point cloud becomes an information cloud 
(info cloud) that provides high-density and high-quality geo- 
metric and radiometric information (Gehrke et al., 2011). 
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