the roof edges. In order to limit the height of the pulled objects, 
the DTM surface was used. The final result, which was later 
exported back to the ArcGIS format, is presented in figure 7. 
       
EN 
  
BL 
St m Ox SGE Be HELPS UT, 
"ANE TYN ; 
E uw 
  
  
  
issue n ne 
  
Fig. 7 3D models of buildings on the generated DTM 
Acquired data was insufficient for the creation of a very 
precise 3D model of buildings and accurate projection of the 
details such as shape of the roofs or very small objects. The 
final 3D model of buildings was assigned to the LoD-1 level of 
details (simple shapes, block model), despite the fact that its 
precision has reached LoD-2 level (2m for XY, 1m for H). 
The last part of the experiment consisted of the final 
visualization. The 3D model of buildings was exported from the 
Google SketchUp to the ArcGis format (multi-patch shape file). 
Next, it was presented in ArcScene module of ArcGis — the 3D 
environment of this platform. The 3D model of buildings was 
superimposed to the DTM with overlaying orthomap. All of the 
used components had the same coordination system defined. 
The final result of 3D visualization of the selected Cracow city 
district is presented in figure 8. 
  
     
    
    
ime wh. 
RUM N obe e ho *ARSIE^ÉSIeoRM 
GE d ases GR bu GM x 
Caw Ideen e 
Cla Ne Nw ge av since gp 8 
  
  
  
  
  
Fig. 8 Final 3D visualization of selected Cracow city district 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
In last years Satellite Photogrammetry has become very 
popular. Its attractiveness is growing up because of very fast 
development of the VHRS systems, which produce imagery of 
very high resolution, taken in blocks of overlapped images with 
various configuration. This allows to apply a block triangulation 
process for simultancous orientation of all images and to 
reconstruct and measure 3D models, based on stereo pairs of 
images, to produce variety of photogrammetric 3D products. It 
can be also seen, that the new generation VHRS imagery of 0.4 
— 0.5 meters resolution, has become very competitive to middle 
scale photography, not only in respect to accuracy of point 
determination but also to identification of smaller features. In 
earlier generation of VHRS imagery (such as Ikonos) a gap 
could be observed between accuracy and recognition of 
features. The panchromatic mode of lm resolution images, 
makes the recognition of smaller details very difficult or 
impossible. 
In respect of Ikonos images, the crucial aspect in further 
studies is the process of image orientation. RPC coefficients, 
attached to the original photographs are not sufficient for a 
precise reconstruction of the photogrammetric model and 
additionally measured terrain points should be used. This 
procedure can decrease the obtained RMS error up to 20 times 
for horizontal coordinates and almost 50 times for vertical. 
Photogrammetric workstation with a module for 3D Ikonos 
model reconstruction and stereodigitization (such as Summit 
Evolution) allows to limit considerably the number of control 
points with known ground coordinates by involvement of 
arbitrary number of tie points for exterior orientation to obtain 
the sufficient accuracy. 
At the stage of stercodigitization, the compilation of 3D 
products with photogrammetric Station Summit Evolution 
connected on-line with ArcGIS system is very helpful and 
provides useful tools for direct transfer all measured 3D data to 
GIS database. The consequence of such arrangement is a 
possibility of on-line data control in respect to their content and 
accuracy and also to execute in the same time some additional 
data processing with ArcGIS software. Such approach, which 
has been applied in this project, allowed to achieve the 
suitable data for a 3D block model of buildings on the 
level LoD1-LoD2. 
5. REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 
References from Journals 
Grodecki, J., G. Dial, 2003. Block Adjustment of High- 
Resolution Satellite Images Described by Rational Polynomials, 
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69(1):59- 
68 
Toutin, Th., 2004a. Comparison of Stereo-Extracted DTM from 
Different High-Resolution Sensors: SPOT-5, EROS-A, 
IKONOS-II, and QuickBird, /EEE Transactions on Geoscience 
and Remote Sensing, 42(10): 2121-2129. 
References from Other Literature 
Bujakiewicz A., Preuss R., 2010. Extraction of 3D Vector Data 
in the Summit Evolution-ArcGIS Photogrammetric System with 
Inclusion of Roof Topology. Archives of Photogrammetry, 
Cartography and Remote Sensing, Wroclaw, Poland, Vol. 21, 
pp. 53-62. 
Eisenbeiss, H., Baltsavias, E., Pateraki, M., Zhang, L., 2004. 
Potential of Ikonos and Quickbird imagery for accurate 3D 
point positioning, orthoimage and DSM generation. The 
International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and 
Spatial Information Sciences, Istambul, Turkey, Vol. XXXV, 
part B3, pp. 522—528. 
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