ation 
  
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B7, 2012 
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia 
DETERMINATION OF MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF LAND USE/ LAND COVER 
CHANGES IN TERKOS WATER BASIN, ISTANBUL 
F. Bektas Balcik ^ *, C. Goksel * 
? ITU, Civil Engineering Faculty, 34469, Maslak Istanbul, Turkey - (bektasfi, goksel)@itu.edu.tr 
Commission VII, WG VII/5 
KEY WORDS: Land Use, Land Cover, Environment, Change Detection, SPOT, Analysis 
ABSTRACT: 
Remotely sensed data have huge importance to determine land use/cover changes for sustainable region planning and management. 
Variety of techniques in order to detect land cover dynamics using remote sensing imagery have been developed, tested and assessed 
with the results varying according to the change scenario, the information required and the imagery applied. In this study, the 
modified Change Vector Analysis (mCVA) technique was implemented on SPOT 4 and SPOT 5 multispectral (MS) data to monitor 
the dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) change in Terkos Water Basin, Istanbul. mCVA was applied to multi-temporal data to 
compare the differences in the time-trajectory of the Tasseled Cap (TC) brightness, greenness and wetness for two successive time 
periods — 2003 and 2007. Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization Technique was used to derive the related TC coefficients for SPOT data. 
The efficiency of the technique was assessed based on error matrix. The overall accuracy and Kappa statistic was 84.32 % and 0.81, 
respectively. The results indicated that it is possible to produce accurate change detection maps with the help of MCVA and SPOT 4 
&SPOT 5 satellite data. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Land use and land cover (LULC) change is an essential issue in 
monitoring and managing Earth surface. Due to the 
anthropogenic and natural activities, the Earth’ surface is being 
significantly altered. These alterations are linked to other forms 
of environmental degradations and transformations such as 
habitat and biodiversity loss, invasive species and ground water 
depletion (Lambin and Strahler, 1994; Flores and Yool, 2007). 
Accurate and efficient techniques are necessary to provide up- 
to-date LULC change information. During recent decades, 
remotely sensed imagery became a major data source for LULC 
change detection because of the advantages of temporal data, 
synoptic view, fast data acquisition and digital format suitable 
for computer processing (Lu et al, 2004). Many different 
remote sensing change detection algorithms are applied to 
determine LULC change detection and to produce thematic 
maps for monitoring, planning, and management of natural 
resources (Balik Sanli et al, 2007; Bektas Balcik, 2010). 
Coppin et al., (2004) give a comprehensive review of the wide 
range of change detection techniques. 
In this study, Change Vector Analysis (CVA) was selected to 
exploit the full range of spectral information contained in the 
remotely sensed data to determine the magnitude and direction 
of change using SPOT 4 and SPOT 5 MS data from the years of 
2003, and 2007. Change magnitude and direction were 
determined by using brightness, greenness and wetness axes of 
the Tasseled Cap Transform (Kauth-Thomas transform). LULC 
change dynamics were delineated by applying ISODATA 
classification. The performance of mCVA method was analyzed 
by calculating overall accuracy and Kappa statistic. 
  
* 
Corresponding Author :Asst. Prof. Dr. Filiz Bektas Balcik 
2. STUDY AREA 
In this study, Terkos Water Basin, Ístanbul was selected as 
study area. Lake Terkos is one of the most important drinking 
water sources of the Istanbul. The natural freshwater lake is 
located northwest Istanbul and is separated from the Black Sea 
with a thin land barrier (Figure 1). It lies between latitudes 
40°19'N and 41°42'N, and longitudes 28?29'E and 28?32'E. The 
area of the basin is 632 km? and the area of the Lake Terkos is 
42 km’. The region includes agricultural areas, vegetated lands, 
a fresh water lake, mixed forest, wetlands and residential areas. 
Lake Terkos is an important vegetation area (Ozhatay et al., 
2003) and it provides approximately 25% of drinking water 
demand of Istanbul (Coskun et al., 2006). 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 1. Location of Istanbul and Terkos Water Basin 
Rapid industrialization, urbanization and population increase 
have caused to changes in landscape characteristics of the 
Istanbul. This urban growth causes dramatic problems in use of 
the natural resources such as fresh water supplies. 
bektasfi@itu.edu.tr