detailed contour information could be attempted through
GPS and photogrammetric techniques.
Based on the nature of work in watershed management, a
study was planned with three levels of objectives, namely,
strategic, tactical and operational. The strategic objectives
dealt with the characterization of macro-watersheds by
computing sediment yield index through a rapid assessment
of soil resources and current land use from small scale
maps (1:250,000 scale), followed by the determination of
priority with consideration to agro-climatic and socio-
economic conditions. The tactical objectives of preparing a
project plan was an inventory of land resources on sub-
watershed basis, using medium scale maps (1:50,000
scale). Finally the operational objectives was to fulfill
through detailed inventory of land resource of a micro
watershed using large scale maps (1:10,000 scale) to
implement the program of work.
7. RECOMMENDATIONS
The following broad recommendations could be offered for
improving the watershed development in the three districts
of Rajastan for bringing visible impact on the ground:
1. From the rain fall patterns of last decade, it is observed
that sudden flash floods emanated from heavy rainfall are
rare and rainfall pattern is consistent or below average.
Hence it is being suggested that appropriate rain water
harvesting structures with requisite height should be
constructed;
2. Plantation should be implemented in areas where soil
condition is good and water sources are there to take care
of initial months of the plantation, for their survival;
3. Too many Checkdams and Khadins should be avoided
on the same drainage basin;
4. Appropriate cropping pattern suitable to the soil
conditions and rainfall pattern should be promoted rather
than conventional agriculture practice, which is posing non-
sustainable;
5. As drinking need is very acute Tonkas need to be
promoted for water storage for human and animals;
6. Development of bore wells and tube wells where ground
water is not saline and water resources are available, may
be considered;
7. Agro forestry for fuel wood and pasture development for
fodder in suitable agri lands, needs immediate attention;
8. Stabilisation of sand dunes need to be immediately taken
up in Jaiselmer and Barmer Districts;
9. Dairy has lot of promise in the region and has proved to
be a good economical and livelihood support activity and
needs extensive promotion;
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012
XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August — 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia
10. Sprinkler and Drip irrigation need to be promoted
wherever there is agriculture activities by ground water
utilisation. Under innovative practices, additional subsidies
may be considered for solar systems, biogas, sprinkler and
drip irrigation etc, for integrated development of watershed;
11. Selection of watersheds should be purely on the basis of
scientific basis with Block wise or District wise
prioritization;
12. DPRs to be generated with Geoinformatics application
or at best with the consideration of slope, aspect, drainage,
land use and land cover factors;
13. For promoting scientific inputs in the watershed
planning, monitoring and evaluation, value added satellite
data could be procured from NRSC, Hyderabad or
assistance from regional GIS Centres situated at Guwahati,
Bhubaneswar, Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, in addition to
the CGARD, NIRD may be approached;
14. Inventory and mapping of all existing structures before
the start of work, by a GPS should be mandatory in DPR
Generation, and these GPS generated GIS maps should be
properly superimposed on the other base maps and satellite
images as pre project scenario. At least One GPS on each
block in the country is a necessity. Now hand held models
of GPS are having in built cameras also. GPSs of accuracy
up to 5-6 meters may be a good option for inventory and
two dimensional mapping of watershed works. GPS is also
available in Cell Phones now-a-days and a good precise
hand held GPS could be available for Rs 50,000(US $
1,000);
15. Open source software like Quantum GIS and low priced
Indigenous Software like Gram++ can be promoted at
Block level and District level which are user friendly and
easy to learn for having direct read, view, analyze and print
capacity in native formats like shape for vector and many
common raster formats;
16. As desert areas are very difficult areas for selection of
proper sites for waters harvesting structures and as
structures like Khadin, Dhora and Tonka(Local Traditional
Water Harvesting Structures) etc consumes most of the
funds, a separate per ha. cost norms for desert areas, should
be considered;
17. In most of the present structures, additional deepening
may cause break of base layer which causes more seepage
of water to downwards which nobody knows which aquifer
is going to be recharged by that water. This can in tum
cause negative impact of activity;
18. Lack of Proper rates for new and innovative activities,
frequent revision of rates is required: Districts in Rajasthan
are having separate BSR for each district which is based
on various prevailing BSR rates of forest, Irrigation and
PWD etc. The rates remained constant for a longer duration
than the change in the market rates of material. BSR rates
should be revised and changed frequently keeping the pace
with materials market.
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