5. CONCLUSIONS 
To build a modeling ecological framework could tease apart 
complex species-environment relationship and permit more 
accurate description of spatial patterns and suggest directions 
for future research. This study represents a broad comparative 
exploration of species ecological characteristics with different 
organisms and processes respond to their environments, and the 
ways that these responses vary geographically. 
As shown in SD-1 (small spatial scale), the performance of 
methods from highest to lowest was: MAXENT, DOMAIN, 
GLM, ANN. MAXENT and DOMAIN models were the two 
most capable for predicting a single species. However, the 
outcome clearly indicated that the models merely based on 
topographic variables performed poorly on spatial extrapolation 
from Tong-Feng to Kuan-Dau because the humidity and solar 
illumination affected by micro-terrain of the two watersheds are 
quite different from each other. Therefore, the models 
developed from topographic variables can only be applied 
within a limited geographical extent without significant error. 
Future studies will attempt to use variables involving spectral 
information associated with species extracted from high spatial, 
spectral resolution remotely sensed data, especially 
hyperspectral image data, for building a model so that it can be 
applied on a large spatial scale. 
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