2003 Total
9512.01
1771.02
10900.71
60232.95
11169.36
3231.18
2009 Total
7301.79
1711.8
17329.68
58006.26
9587.7
3008.34
version of growth in
restry, 25.3% from
rage of water body
rence because of the
ea. In second period,
e only one which
- classes decreased.
of urbanized area as
uld be represented
1979
2009 Agriculture Barren Urban Forest Shrub Water 2009 Total
Agriculture 1777.5 969.21 122.85 — 240723 1943.91 74.34 7301.79
Barren 361.44 72.8 91.71 937.17 236.07 8.37 1711.8
Urban 2915.$51,,/1030.23..15126.58.. „3872.61... „2789.73 626.58 17329.68
Forest 3817.62 236.88 295.92 — 514998 194535 100.89 58006.26
Shrub 2881.62 749.79 456.84 285129 2549.16 83.61 9587.7
Water 291.33 348.12 204.93 345.06 3177. 1467.36 3008.34
1979 Total 12048:03 4312:17 6315.57 16197202 9785.16 . 238455
Change 1979-2009 -4746.24 _-2600.37 1101411 -3965.76 -197.46 623.79
(c) 1979-2009
Table 4. Matrices of land use/cover changes in Danang city, Vietnam in hectares (continued)
as 59% of its 2003 area by 2009. Of the area that urban got
from 2003 to 2009, 51.7% was converted from agriculture and
26.1% from shrub. In the span of 30 years, the coverage of
urban area has incessantly increased from 6315.57ha in 1979
to 17329.68ha in 2009, thus representing an increase of
174.4% (11014.11ha).
Table 4(c) indicated that the increasing of urban area in
Danang city mainly came from about 32.4%, 25.4%, 25.3%
and 17.5% of forestry, agriculture, shrub and barren area,
respectively. Based on Figure 3, the difference of spatial
distribution of urban area could be clearly observed by the
years. In 1979, the urban area dispersedly located along the
costal line. By 2003, this area was expanded more
concentrated along coastal zone and moved toward Sontra
peninsula. From 2003 to 2009, the urban expansion changed
the direction from costal toward in land.
4.2 Fragmentation Analyses
From LULC maps in 1979 and 2009, three most changing
classes (agriculture, urban and forest) were chosen to compute
spatial landscape matrices at class level by means of
FRAGSTATS software (Table 5). In Danang city, forestry
area presented as the dominance class of landscape because its
percentage of total area is largest. The statistic of forestry
showed that the percentage of landscape (PLAND) index
decreased from 36 to 33.7, while the number of patches (NP)
increased from 2363 to 7815 during the whole period from
1979 to 2009. This combination result suggested the breaking
up of forestry areas into smaller parcels. This was supported
by the largest patch index (LPI - decreased from 29.4 to 28.6)
and the mean patch area (AREA MN - decreased from 26.2
to 7.4). The values of mean shape index (SHAPE MN) of
forestry for the 1979 and the 2009 were over than 1, exposing
that the average forestry patch shape was non-square and there
was no significant difference in shape index values.
The increasing of mean proximity index (PROX MN, defined by
200m) from 2917.2 to 12895.8 indicated that forested patches in
2009 became more contiguous in spatial distribution than in 1979.
This was asserted once again by the decreasing of mean nearest
neighbour distance (ENN MN) from 117.8 to 87.3 and the
interspersion and juxtaposition index (IJI) from 83.2 to 84.2.
In regards to agriculture area during the period 1979-2009, the
number of patches (NP) increased from 1385 to 11771, the mean
patch area (AREA MN) decreased from 8.7 to 0.6 and the mean
proximity (PROX MN) decreased from 513.4 to 18.4. These
values revealed that the 2009 agriculture patches were more
isolated than the 1979 patches.
The spatial analysis of urban areas showed the significant
increasing of the percentage of landscape index (PLAND) from
6315.3 to 17298.5, the number of patches (NP) from 962 to 7040,
the largest patch index (LPI) from 1.0 to 4.4. These indexes
evidenced that the expansion of urban areas also concentrated on
existent urban. Finally the growth of mean proximity
(PROX MN) from 55.9 to 1959.4 and of the interspersion and
juxtaposition index (IJI) from 63.4 to 84.2 indicated that urban
class distributed a more landscape configuration in 2009 than in
1979.
The comprehension analysis in landscape level showed the
evidence of fragmentation of landscape with the increasing of total
number of patches from 8331 to 47040 while the mean patch area
decreased from 11.6 to 2.1 during the whole study period. In
addition, both Shannon's diversity and evenness indices in 2009
were greater than in 1979, showing the slight increase of the
landscape heterogeneity and evenness. The decrease of mean
nearest-neighbour distance (ENN MN) from 151.2 to 922
whereas the mean proximity index (PROX MN) became higher
revealed that patches tended less isolated. Besides, interspersion
and juxtaposition index (IJI) from 77.2 to 81.3 indicated a trend
towards the uniform configuration of landscape.
CA PLAND NP LPI
Class
AREA SHAPE PROX ENN |l
(ha) (96) (#) (99 MN (ha) MN (ha) MN(m) MN(m) (%)
1979
agriculture — 12048.0 7.0 1385 2.6 8.7 1.4 513.4 153.0 525
urban 6315.3 3.7 962 1.0 6.6 1.3 55:9 190.4 63.4
forestry 61972.0 36.0 2363 29.4 26.2 1.3 20172 117.8 832
2009
agriculture 7294.7 4.2 11771 0.2 0.6 1.2 18.4 82.9 68.0
urban 17298.5 10.0 7040 4.4 2.5 1.2 1959.4 90.9 82.3
forestry 57936.2 337 7813 28.6 7.4 1.2 12895.8 87.3 84.2
Table 5. Metrics of landscape structure for selected indices at the class level, 1979 and 2009
