ived about 5894 of
& Mutairi, 2010).
lous effects of the
| odors emanating
75.48
rail Road landfill
[rail Road landfill
ODS
studies:
of data: 1) multi-
2) landfill gas
ring wells. Images
t acquisition dates,
1e USGS Earth as
he Landsat images
m for the thermal
to PCI Geomatics
ie UTM Zone 18
on was conducted
sensor parameters
data, (sensor type, acquisition date, sun elevation, sun zenith
and pixel size) and weather conditions (air temperature and
visibility).
Acquisition Date Landsat Sensors eni) nmt
May 7^ 2007 TM 19.2°C
May 23^ 2007 TM 23.0°C
Jun. 15? 2007 TM 26.6°C
Jul. 17^ 2007 TM 24.0°C
Aug. 2" 2007 TM 31.3°C
Aug. 27^ 2007 TM 2149€
Sept. 19^ 2007 TM 23.25€
Oct. 5* 2007 TM 23.89€
Apr 14^ 2008 TM 6.9°C
May 25™ 2008 TM 20.9°C
Jul 12* 2008 TM 23.79€
Aug 20" 2008 TM 19.9°C
Sept 5^ 2008 TM 29.0°C
Oct 7^ 2008 TM 129€
Oct 23" 2008 TM 55°C
Table 1. Multi-temporal Landsat satellite images in 2007 and
2008
All images were used to verify the relationship between the
satellite-based and ground-based measurements. The acquisition
dates from November to March were neglected due to the
weather conditions which could affect data results. The
difference in temperature measurements were used to correlate
with the emitting landfill gas Methane (CH,) measurements
acquired at two monitoring stations, GM-2 and GM-17, located
near Stages 1 and 3 of the Trail Road landfill. The location of
the ground monitoring stations is shown in Figure 1.
3.1.2 Al-Jleeb Landfill
In this case study, multi-temporal Landsat TM and ETM"
images covering the City of Kuwait were downloaded for the
last 25 years. However, not all the images were used due to the
problem of radiometric quality, i.e., scan line corrector problem.
Consequently, only 11 Landsat images were used from 1985 to
2001. All the images were imported into PCI Geomatics V10.1,
clipped, and then projected into the UTM Zone 39 coordinate
system. Similar to the case study on the Trial Road landfill, the
sensor parameters and the weather information (see Table 2)
were used for atmospheric correction and computation of LST.
The weather information was obtained from the Environmental
Public Authority of Kuwait, but some of that data was found to
be missing due to the Gulf War in 1991. In this case study, the
multi -temporal Landsat images are used to predict suspicious
dumping areas within the landfill site.
3.2 Methodology
Figure 3 shows the overall workflow for the two case studies
(Trail Road landfill and Al-Jleeb landfill) which can be
summarized in the following steps. First, the multi-temporal
Landsat images were downloaded from the USGS Earth
Explorer where the images have been released free to the public
since year 2008. Only the thermal band (Band 6 of Landsat TM
and Band 61 of Landsat ETM") are used to determine land
surface temperature (LST) in this study.
For the Trail Road landfill site, 16 Landsat TM images are
downloaded from years 2007 to 2008 and for the Al-Jleeb
landfill, 11 Landsat TM and ETM" images were acquired from
years 1985 to 2001. As the acquired Landsat images cover the
area of 185 X 185 km’ the images were clipped to the landfill
sites to improve the performance of data processing. Finally, all
the subsets of the images were projected into the UTM
coordinate system.
Before computing the LST, atmospheric corrections were
conducted for all the multi-temporal Landsat images. The
atmospheric correction model (ATCOR2) developed by Richter
(1998) was utilized to calculate the transmission and the up and
down radiance. Details of the atmospheric correction will be
discussed in Section 3.2. To run the ATCOR2 model, weather
information (e.g. air temperature, visibility, etc.) were obtained
from the Government’s national climate and weather data
archive. The calibration parameters for Landsat TM and ETM"
sensor (biases and gains) were also required for an atmospheric
correction. After conducting the atmospheric correction, the
LST was derived from the thermal band of the Landsat images.
The LST for the Trail Road landfill site was compared to the
LST of the surrounding areas as well as the air temperature for
each of the Landsat images. This comparison was conducted
using the GIS zonal analysis, together with the boundary of the
landfill site. The LST for the closed stages was also compared
to the LST of the active stage as well as the recently closed
stage. A preliminary analysis was carried out to investigate the
correlation between the LST and the amount of landfill gas. The
measurements of methane (CH) from the two monitoring wells
(GM-2 and GM-17) were obtained within years 2007 and 2008,
and a regression analysis was conducted to derive the relation
between these two factors.
For the Al-Jleeb landfill, the multi-temporal LST images (from
1985 to 2001) were imported in the GIS environment for further
analysis. Temperature contours (polylines) were generated for
each of the LST images by using the raster to vector conversion
tool. As the goal for the Al-Jleeb landfill case study aimed at
determining the suspicious location of the waste dumping area,
the highest temperature of the contours was extracted from the
polylines for each of the LST images. The extracted temperature
were then overlaid in the GIS environment and the location with
high dense overlapping areas was regarded as the possible
location for the waste dumping areas in the Al-Jleeb landfill
site.
a X
Acquisition Date Landsat verage Air
Sensors Temperature
Jan 13^ 1985 TM 18.5°C
Dec 29% 1987 TM 8.59€
Jun12* 1990 TM 38.0°C
Sept 27^ 1991 TM 32.5°C
Oct 29% 1991 TM 29.0°C
Feb 28^ 1993 TM 215°C
Apr 07" 1998 TM 224 C
May 30* 2000 TM 36.5°C
Sept 03^ 2000 TM 33.0°C
May 25" 2001 ETM* 34.0°C
Oct 16 2001 ETM* 27.0°C
Table 2. Landsat TM and ETM+ Images for the Al-Jleeb
Landfill Case Study