COMBINED ADJUSTMENT 
NON-PHOTOGRAMMETRIC 
Heinrich Ebner 
Chair of Photogrammetry 
Technical University Munich 
Arcisstraße 21 
D-8000 Munich 2 
Fed. Rep. Germany 
Invited Paper, Commission III 
SUMMARY 
The paper deals with photogrammetric point determination using general 
control and object information. It covers the question of suitable 
non-photogrammetric information as well as the combined adjustment 
itself. Maj or attention is directed to aerial triangulation, whereas 
close range triangulation is only briefly be treated. First a review 
is given of the state of the art which is followed by a section on 
future possibilities of generalized photogrammetric point determina- 
tion. In the conclusion future tasks are specified. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
  
Photogrammetric point determination always needs some non-photo- 
grammetric information. At least the rank deficiency of the resulting 
normal equation system with regard to three translations, three ro- 
tations and the scale factor has to be balanced by seven independent 
observation or condition equations. Classical photogrammetry makes 
use of control point coordinates to relate image or model coordinates 
to a given coordinate system. Usually t his control results from geo- 
detic measurements. Although both photogrammetric and geodetic data 
are processed simultaneously in the framework of a rigorous least 
squares adjustment the procedure is not understood as "Combined Adjust- 
ment". This term is only used if more general control information is 
used in addition to or instead of control point coordinates. Such con- 
trol information can be given in the form of direct geodetic obser- 
vations, auxiliary data or conditions, for example: a set of points 
measured photogrammetrically, Delong to a curve or surface of known 
type and Known or unknown parameters. The latter case may include ob- 
ject information, which has to be considered, but doesn't nave a con- 
troi function. 
Consequently, the topic of this Invited Paper will 5e “Photogrammetric 
point determination with general control and object information". It 
will cover the question of suitable non-photogrammetric information as 
well as the combined adjustment itself. Point determination generalized 
in that way can lead to considerable improvements in accuracy, relia- 
bility and economy. Major attention will be directed to aerial trian- 
gulation, whereas terrestrial or close range triangulation will only 
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