Our base lines were adjusted in 3D network 
by ASHTECH's Fillnet program 
Figure 2.5 shows the result of this 
adjustment,along with small amount of 
discrepancies in thecoordinates of the 
Mt.Fuji Control Point,which was not used in 
the adjustment. 
Digital mapping of SPOT imagery model have 
been tested by existing orientation software 
on analytical stereo plotters in Japan, but 
has not yet reached the satisfactory level 
for existing mapping standards. 
Since we will introduce new orientation 
method for SPOT imagery,a sufficient number 
of ground controls are necessary within a 
certain accuracy level of approximately +- 
1 meter. 
This accuracy level was tested by base line 
analysis and 3D adjustment of base lines as 
described in figure 2.4 and 2.5. 
  
POINT  LAT.(sec.) LON.(sec.) | ELEV. (m) STD. ERRORS (m) 
oss ss 55.80454 | 138 32 7.87995 257.981 -046 0.048 
L02 | 35 16 38.02798 | 138 52 59.74742 | 541.624 .009 
103 | 35 13 51.46541 | 138 43 30.52623 | 533.314 
POL | 35 20 49.85490 | 138 58 0.24295 411.382 
35 17 10.20539 | 138 58 56.17204 716.582 
35 24 17.32186 | 138 52 43.39717 | 983.374 
35 25 34.02474 | 138 51 26.73331 | 984.044 
35 29 1.77787 | 138 46 21.70950 | 867.617 
35 30 35.29684 | 138 46 8.11622 | 843.116 
P07 | 35 29 49.04228 | 138 40 4.00099 | 901.426 
P10 | 35 27 33.68026 | 138 36 12.62706 | 901.777 
P11 | 35 32 18.94003 | 138 46 34.46194 906.831 
P13 | 35 23 29.25174 | 138 44 .76827 | 2292.328 
P14 | 35 24 11.81569 | 138 41 49.36370 | 1738.657 
35 14 50.76068 | 138 34 55.41172 270.108 
35 13 3.80332 | 138 36 30.76616 116.157 
35 07 54.94364 | 138 42 0.51172 6.280 
p19 | 35 15 32.08415 | 138 46 36.69309 | 935.270 
P20 | 35 15 8.03296 | 138 50 45.66833 | 628.349 
701 | 35 25 53.32000 | 138 51 33.75600 | 1102.364 
| T02 35 24 43.60200 | 138 37 5.09900 | 1029.841 
T03 | 35 17 27.41200 | 138 53 12.78600 | 561.409 
FUJI | 35 21 26.55234 | 138 43 49.76873 | 3776.631 
35.21 26.540 138 43 49.772 3775.630 
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Figure 2.5 Results of Network Adjustment 
by Fillnet Program 
Judging from this result,ground control for 
small scale mapping of the scale 1:50,000 
can be obtained by. this type ‘of GPS 
surveying. 
GPS observations in Car navigation mode were 
then tested for small scale mapping 
(1:50,000) in the same area. 
Mapping symbols and graphical features are 
displayed in real time mode by our GPS 
mapping system,which is not yet named. 
Plotted positions are compared with the 
existing topographical map in 1:25,000 as 
shown in figure 2.6. 
  
  
0 500m 
  
  
  
Figure 2.6 GPS Observation in Car navigation 
214 
Considering the generalization of existing 
map,the positions of the antennas are within 
the tolerance of mapping standard. 
For further application of this project, we 
intend to develop the following functions. 
a) 3D GPS Network Adjustment. 
b) Graphical display of the results of 
network adjustment on CAD software. 
¢) Ground Control Densification or 
distribution by effective GPS 
surveying method,such as Rapid 
Static and Kinematic. 
2.3.2 CAD GLOBE and map projections 
Starting from 3D CAD presentation and 3D 
digitizers,we have made a series of 
experiences towards CAD GLOBE. 
The oldest existing terrestrial globe was 
made by Martin Beheim in Germany in 
1492.This image of the globe prevailed in 
the world and impressed Columbus to find the 
gold country,ZIPANGU, during that era. 
Using 3D CAD we can define the global 
ellipsoid and introduce a transformation 
from geographical coordinate system to 
geocentric coordinate system using direct 
parameters and graphic language, AutoLISP. 
AutoCAD has a powerful support for the 
computational digits which can display the 
globe itself with "ZOOM" command immediately 
at any scale. 
We have also applied SQL based RDBMS 
software in the field of archaeological 
photogrammetry and mapping. 
From these backgrounds we started to 
construct a 3D graphical presentation - CAD 
GLOBE - with SQL based Database system. 
This configuration presents us with a more 
advanced GIS system which ensures us direct 
connection between 3D CAD and SQL Database 
systems (CAD/SQL Combination). 
2.4 3D GIS system based on CAD and SQL 
(RDBMS) systems 
We applied digital map data for 3D digital 
mapping (AutoCAD) and data retrieval system 
(R:BASE) separately in the initial stage. 
After experimenting with some preliminary 
systems in indirect mode connections, we 
selected CAD/SQL Facilities Management 
systems like GEO/SQL and Spatial Analyst. 
These 3D GIS systems are utilized in the 
following projects. 
1) Central governmental 
Facilities Management 
2) 1/500 Road facilities management mapping 
3) 1/2,500 City Planning Mapping 
4) University Campus facilities management 
These systems have utilized special data 
bases which are structurally topologic as 
well as intenally tile-indexed,thus making 
the digital mapping data suitable for 
further data analysis. 
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