'amera 
photo- 
al aeri- 
l'he ge- 
etail in 
napped 
itching 
sh Aca- 
Lan ar- 
needed 
ogram- 
edures. 
photo- 
35 mm 
e lens. 
atively 
1e ima- 
. Fig. 6 
measu- 
stablis- 
g lines 
on was 
mbined 
hy. The 
> Tokyo 
  
  
  
with a 
rage LS 
f. 6. 
traffic that covered the ground floor of the buildings 
in many images. For expedition purposes, however, 
the method described gives valuable results that 
could not have been achieved in other ways. In other 
projects, photography from a lift may be an alternati- 
ve solution. 
Fig. 7 shows the architectural study and survey of 
two of the buildings of Fig. 6. 
The multi-model method can be used for town surve- 
ying in combination with aerial photographs as des- 
cribed above under geological mapping. In Danish ci- 
ties, buildings are generally lower than 6 storeys and 
aerial photographs on a relatively large scale (1:5 
000) are often available. Tie-points between the aeri- 
al photographs and small-frame street photographs 
are measured on eaves or dormers that can be identi- 
fied in both sets of images. Alternatively, oblique 
photographs may be taken from a helicopter as a sup- 
plement to the aerial photographs, or in order to co- 
ver the upper floors in narrow backyards. 
5. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION 
In areas where vertical aerial photographs are insuf- 
ficient, the multi-model method is a versatile photo- 
grammetric alternative that provides means for de- 
tailed analysis and accurate measurements in over- 
lapping strips and blocks of small-format colour sli- 
des taken with non-metric cameras. 
The method complies with a growing demand for ac- 
curate three-dimensional surveys within geoscientific 
analysis and architectural studies. Vertical or near 
vertical features such as mountain sides and building 
facades are photographed with hand-held cameras, 
and blocks of models, often combined with vertical 
aerial photographs, are simultanously set up in an 
analytical plotter. 
The increased demand for spatial data will probably 
create a new market for oblique photography. Small- 
frame photographs are not necessarily the best re- 
sponse to this demand. In geological analysis, the ad- 
vantages of having the field geologist take his own 
photographs are many, but in town surveys, it might 
be easier to map from oblique large-frame photo- 
graphs. Today, however, very few photo gram me tric 
flight operations are equipped for oblique large-for- 
mat photography. 
The multi-model method allows both the photography 
and the compilation in the laboratory to be carried 
out by photogrammetric laymen such as geologists, 
geographers, architects, archaeologists and civil engi- 
neers. The bottle-neck of the method is the expensive 
     
       
    
   
    
      
      
      
      
    
     
   
    
    
      
    
    
    
   
    
    
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
and technology-heavy analytical plotter. In future, 
the multi-model method may be combined with digi- 
tal photogrammetric systems (Dowman et al., 1992; 
Miller et al., 1992) and modified to include free move- 
ment between as many models as can be stored digi- 
tally in the system. Geoscientific analysis procedures 
are going to experience a revolution if it becomes pos- 
sible to move freely and with controlled geometry bet- 
ween three-dimensional scanned satellite images, 
models formed by digitised vertical and oblique aerial 
photographs, digital small-frame colour photographs, 
computer modelled data of any kind and digitised 
map data. 
When the continuing rapid growth in computer tech- 
nologies has solved today's capacity and resolution 
problems, one can expect advanced photogrammetric 
software programmes to be generally available for 
‘personal’ computer work stations with the potential 
of moving the entire photogrammetric procedure into 
the hands of laymen. 
REFERENCES: 
+ Dowman, I. J., Ebner, H. & Heipke, C. 1992. Over- 
view of European Developments in Digital Photo- 
grammetric Workstations. Photogrammetric Eng- 
ineering and Remote Sensing 58, 51-56. 
+ Dueholm, K. S. 1990: Multi-Model Stereo Restitu- 
tion. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote 
Sensing 56, 239-242. 
+ Garde, A. A. 1992a: Interpretation of flat-lying 
Precambrian structure by geological photogram- 
metry along a 65 kilometers coastal profile in 
north-eastern Nuussuaq. Rapp. Gronlands geol. 
Unders., in press. 
+ Garde, A. A. 1992b: Close-range geological photo- 
grammetry studies: field and laboratory procedu- 
res with examples from prograde granulite facies 
orthogneisses, Kerala, South India. Rapp. Grgn- 
lands geol. Unders., in press. 
+ Miller, S. B., Heleva, U. V. & Helava, K. D. 1992. 
Softcopy Photogrammetric Workstations. Photo- 
grammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58, 
77-83. 
+ Olsen, T. 1992: Photogrammetric mapping of dis- 
tributary channel sand-bodies in the Atane Forma- 
tion at Paatuut, Nuussuaq, central West Green- 
land. Rapp. Grenlands geol. Unders., in press. 
+ Pedersen, A. K. & Dueholm, K. S. 1992: New met- 
hods for the geological analysis of Tertiary volcanic 
formations on Nuussuaq and Disko, central West 
Greenland using multi-model photogrammetry. 
Rapp. Grenlands geol. Unders., in press. 
+ Pedersen, G. K. 1992: An application of multi-mo- 
del photogrammetry in the study of a Tertiary sha- 
le sequence, north-east Disko, West Greenland. 
Rapp. Grénlands geol. Unders., in press.