2.2.2. Software 
Measuring processing flow of the stereo image 
workstation is shown below: 
  
Optical Disk 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Operation 
Inner 
Orientation 
Camera >» 
Calibration No 
i Single Model 
Bundle 
Ad justment Yes 
Pe Ty 1 
Relative ı 
Orientation ı IMS Orientation 
! Obtaining Relative ! 
! and ; 
Absolute offsotute 
Orientation rientation 
Parameter 
i | 
a aie 1 
  
  
  
  
3D Measurement 
(Manual /DTM) 
i 
3D Data Output 
(DXF) 
  
  
  
  
  
  
Fig.5 Flow of the Stereo Image Workstation 
The orientation program consists of inner, 
relative and absolute orientation, camera 
calibration, bundle adjustment and IMS 
orientation (which we called and includes 
orientation of single photograph) conducted in 
this experiment. 
A measurement processing unit is a single model 
in this system. Operator instructs a 
measurement point by observing the stereoscopic 
image on the 3D display. There are two 
measurement modes; one is manual measurement 
that measures interactively and the other is DTM 
measurement that allocates grid points of equal 
intervals in measuring area and conducts stereo 
matching with batch processing by a computer. 
For measuring, by using the sampled image of 
whole photograph produced by the image scanner, 
read 3D display images on the right and the left 
in order from the optical disks. Then, display 
images stereoscopically after rectifying each 
image and measure the model coordinates with the 
mouse moving the floating marks. Images on the 
right and the left, therefore, have no y- 
parallax and the floating marks are to be always 
moving along the epipolar line. By using this 
way, the depth can be measured by simple 
operation, just coinciding the floating marks 
with a measuring point on the model. 
The image correlation processing is absolute 
difference method and the combination of edge 
extraction by a laplacian operator of the images 
on the right and the left. Window size is 15 x 
15 pixels, search size is approximately 90 
pixels and a parameter oan be changed according 
to a measuring object. Processing speed less 
than 0.5 seconds and can be processed in the 
interrupt mode according to the moving speed of 
the floating mark. Furthermore, this processing 
is used in the DTM measurement and its procedure 
is omitted but the semi-automated search 
processing for the corresponding point can be 
conducted. 
Measuring commannds have functions of line, 
polyline, circle, arc, contour and Layer 
(management for drawing information). The 3D 
data after the measurement is processed as 
stereoscopic drawing data and superimposed in 
color on the stereoscopic images. Editing 
commands have functions of deletion, insertion, 
copy, move, conjunction, orthogonal conjunction 
and so on. By using these commands, while 
observing the stereoscopic data after measuring, 
correction and editing can be carried out. 
The obtained 3D data are output in DXF file 
format. The DXF file interchanges the AutoCAD 
drawing data, supported by many CADs like IGES 
file format and can be applied to various kinds 
of application softwares because of the spread 
of the AutoCAD and simplification of operation 
for drawing information. 
3. ORIENTATION EXPERIMENT USING IMS 
3.1. IMS System MS-100 
The IMS used in this experiment is TOPCON MS-100 
and consists of two digital transits (1") & 
subtence bar (Measuring staff made of carbon 
fiber: Length 1.2m), personal computer and 
tripod with high accuracy. 
To measure by this method, firstly set up two 
transits at proper positions and then the 
subtence bar at a position where enables precise 
aiming from each transits. After collimating 3 
globe shaped measuring points on the both edges 
and the center of the subtence bar, transmit the 
obtained data (horizontal and vertical angles) 
to the computer via RS-232C and determine the 
positions for the transits with network analysis 
software by resection method. 
The coordinate system of IMS is originated from 
the position of the transit on the left hand 
side and takes a base line between left and 
right hands on X axis, depth on Y axis and 
perpendicular direction on Z axis. 
Specifications of IMS MS-100 
  
€ Measuring accuracy : {Less than 0.3mm 
(Measuring distance: 10m) 
® Measuring time :30 sec./point approx. 
e Memory capacity 
for coordinates : 2,000 points approx. 
e Connecting transits: 1-3 units 
  
  
  
      
  
   
    
  
   
   
    
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
    
    
  
    
   
   
  
     
   
   
   
    
    
   
   
    
    
    
    
   
  
   
  
    
    
   
    
   
   
  
    
      
     
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
    
   
   
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