it can be clearly seen that cartography and photogrammetry are 
increasingly using identical image processing methods. 
ATKIS is furthermore an important source for many other 
information systems being planned today such as TOPIS and 
STABIS (cf. GIS 4/1990) and different environmental 
information systems. Photogrammetry and remote sensing play 
a major role within these specialized information systems. A 
trend to raster data - and, therefore, to the integration of 
remote sensing data - is especially to be seen in environmental 
data management (e.g. papers in GIS 4/1989). Yang (1991) 
discusses the quadtree approach for hybrid GIS and 
investigates theoretical and practical aspects for the 
management of geometric data using quadtrees. 
4. Education and Training 
More and more attention is being dedicated to the importance 
of GIS in education (Kilchenmann, 1992; Gossmann & Saurer, 
1991). The period of time treated in this report may 
furthermore be characterised by the appearance of specialised 
literature related to remote sensing (Markwitz & Winter, 1989; 
Strathmann, 1990) and GIS (Bartelme, 1989; Kilchenmann, 
1992; Goepfert, 1991). The text-book (two volumes) by Kraus 
& Schneider (1988, 1990) about remote sensing and the first 
German text-book (two volumes) on GIS by Bill & Fritsch 
(1991, 1992) are particularly worthy to note. 
COMMISSION V 
(Dipl.-Ing. J. Peipe) 
In 1988-1992, the development of close-range 
photogrammetry has been influenced essentially by the 
establishment of digital data acquisition and data reduction 
techniques. As a result of this thematic and methodical 
orientation, photogrammetry has opened itself to related fields 
such as machine vision, robot vision, computer vision and 
information systems. The Commission V Symposium "Close- 
Range Photogrammetry Meets Machine Vision" organised at 
the ETH Ziirich in 1990 was an important meeting place for 
scientists and practitioners of photogrammetry and the 
interrelated disciplines mentioned above (40 of 154 technical 
papers originated from Germany). 
The German Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 
promotes the development of close-range photogrammetry, 
e.g. through the working group "Engineering and Industrial 
Photogrammetry" (chaired by Prof. Wester-Ebbinghaus, 
Braunschweig Technical University). 
Photogrammetric methods are gaining significance particularly 
in industrial mensuration technology. Both design and 
installation of digital photogrammetric systems are aimed at 
automatically and on-line or even real-time producing 3-D 
coordinates of industrial objects. Such systems consisting of 
several CCD cameras and a computer have been presented and 
are being tested, i.e. they are on the way from laboratory 
experiment to the application in industrial environment (e.g. 
Luhmann, 1990; Schneider & Sinnreich, 1990). 
Computer-controlled and pixel-synchronized CCD cameras 
with approximately 500 x 500 or 1000 x 1000 pixels are 
suitable for metric utilizations and are expected to reach high 
measuring accuracy for image coordinates (Bósemann et al., 
1990; Luhmann, 1991; Lenz, 1992). 
40 
The resolution of object acquisition by CCD sensors may 
increase in case of sequential image recording. Various 
imaging systems presenting different scanning techniques are 
available. The  Rolleimetric — Réseau-Scanning-Camera 
(Riechmann, 1990) features a CCD sensor moving in the 
image plane of a 60 x 60 mm camera to digitize the entire 
photo format in a meshwise fashion, i.e. patch by patch (4200 
x 6250 pixels). The concept of micro-scanning applies to the 
Kontron ProgRes 3000 (3000 x 2300 pixels; Lenz, 1989; 
Heipke et al, 1991) and the JenScan 4500 (4500 x 3500 
pixels) manufactured by RJM (Rheinmetall Jenoptik Optical 
Metrology, a company evolved from the former VEB Carl 
Zeiss Jena). RIM also produces the digital cassette for the 
analogue metric camera Zeiss UMK, i.e. the Large-Format- 
Scanner UMK HighScan (image area of 120 x 160 mm). In 
addition, Rollei fototechnic offers the Digital ScanPack for 
digitizing the image format of a 60 x 60 mm camera by a 
movable CCD line sensor (5850 x 5000 pixels). Video- 
theodolites are mentioned as another type of sequential 
recording system. 
Digital images are the basis for geometric and semantic object 
reconstruction. Fully automatic image analysis is a very 
complicated and difficult task, e.g. in the case of aerial 
photographs of the surface of the earth (e.g. Fórstner, 1991b; 
see also the references to ISPRS Commissions II and III). 
Industrial objects, however, can be pre-targetted and/or pre- 
illuminated in such a way that easy detectable features are 
obtained that can be measured without any serious problem 
(point patterns, edges; Luhmann, 1988 and 1990; Riechmann, 
1990; Andresen, 1991). If a real-time solution becomes 
necessary, special hardware and software is required (e.g. 
Fritsch, 1989; Albertz et al, 1991). Investigations into the 
object-oriented approach of digital multi-image correlation 
were carried out by Wrobel (1989), Heipke (1990) and 
Schneider (1991). 
If image coordinates of homologous points in several 
photographs are measured, bundle triangulation is the ideal 
tool for 3-D reconstruction of discrete object points (e.g. 
Hinsken, 1989; Kotowski, 1989). 
Digital cameras have a relatively small image format as 
compared to conventional film-based cameras. Thus analogue 
cameras are still essential if high precision surveys of large 
objects are important. In recent years, a series of film-based 
cameras has been developed which use réseau techniques 
(Wester-Ebbinghaus, 19892) to flatten the film (Pomaska, 
1988; Peipe, 1990; Dold & Riechmann, 1991; Luhmann 
(1991) gives a table of réseau cameras). The off-line 
measurement of the original negatives can be performed 
precisely, reliably and automatically on a digital mono- 
comparator using digital image processing methods (e.g. 
Rollei Réseau-Scanner; Luhmann, 1988). A photogrammetric 
industrial measurement system consisting of large-format 
réseau camera, special signalization techniques (retro- 
reflecting targets), scanner and bundle triangulation software, 
produces a relative accuracy of 10-5 in relation to object 
dimension (Dold & Riechmann, 1991). On the other hand, 
automatic determination of industrial surfaces, e. g. the shape 
Of a car, is carried out by stereo-correlation of analogue 
photographs in the analytical plotter (Zeiss InduSurf; Schewe, 
1988). 
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