Technical performance of the companies 
Another trend in Denmark has been the change from analogue 
to analytical instruments. By February 1992 the last WILD A8 
in the private sector was dismantled so that the change to 
ZEISS Planicomps and WILD BCs is now 100 per cent. 
In the private sector there are now 14 Planicomps, 7 BC 1-3 
and 1 Leica SD 2000. 
The Danish work station DanGraf is still popular among the 
photogrammetric companies, although the competition is hard, 
especially from Intergraph. 
Orthophotography 
In 1986 the the National Cadastral Survey decided to produce 
digital cadastral maps, using orthophotography to rectify older 
surveys. 
The private companies established DORPAS (Danish Ortho- 
photo Production) and bought a ZEISS Orthocomp Z2 system. 
During the period 1986-1989 the island of Funen (3500 km?) 
was mapped with orthophotos in scale 1:4000. 
Unfortunately the programme was stopped for political reasons. 
Who are the photogrammetric companies? 
Since 1990 there has been important changes in the configu- 
ration of photogrammetric companies in Denmark. 
Today the old companies are split up in two major blocks. 
Kampsax Geoplan which also includes Aerokort and Geo- 
masters is one. The Scankort-LLO group is the other impor- 
tant group. 
In 1992 two new companies have appeared in the field of aerial 
photography and digital mapping: Infokort and Jysk Digital 
Kort Center. 
Anders Foghsgaard 
THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY AND 
THE ENGINEERING ACADEMY 
Institute of Surveying and Photogrammetry 
The institute is responsible for education and research on 
surveying, photogrammetry, digital cartography, geographical 
information systems and basic computer science for BSc and 
MSc students in engineering. 
Staff 
The staff comprises 1 full professor, 6 associate professors, 1 
secretary, 1 technician, a varying number of temporarily em- 
ployed personnel and PhD students. 
Education 
The basic courses in surveying include introduction to photo- 
grammetry and are given to about 200 students a year. 
Specialized courses in photogrammetry, remote sensing, digital 
cartography and geographical information systems are given to 
25-40 students a year. 2-5 students graduate in photogramme- 
try, remote sensing or GIS every year. 
74 
Research 
Photogrammetry 
A method of multi-model stereo restitution (Dueholm, PERS 
56(2)) was developed in cooperation with the geologic division 
of the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver, Colorado. Multi- 
model photogrammetry includes the advantage of free move- 
ment between stereo models at widely different scales in an 
analytical plotter, and thus facilitates the use in photogram- 
metry of small-format photographs (colour-slides) taken with 
ordinary 35 or 70 mm cameras. Over the past two years the 
method has been employed in scientific analysis and mapping 
within diverse fields: geological and geomorphological 
mapping in Greenland, Utah, and India; mapping of steep 
coastal cliffs in Denmark and the Faroe Islands; architectural 
measurements in Japan; and archaeological survey of Newport 
Tower in Rhode Island. 
Image processing 
Mosaicking scanned images using least squares adjustment for 
radiometric correction of orthophotos has been studied and a 
PC program system developed (Ph.D. thesis). Together with 
the University of Copenhagen an image processing system for 
automatic extraction of DEM from SPOT images has been 
developed. The system is based on correlation, organized in 
pyramids. The project included extensive control measurements 
from hardcopies of SPOT images and aerial photographs. 
Digital Elevation Models 
The institute was in charge of the construction of a national 
elevation database based on digitized 5-metre contours. The 
database was primarily developed for radio communication and 
completed in 1989. A DEM program package has been develo- 
ped for the Danish geographical information system, Dangraf. 
The DEM is an integrated part of the GIS, giving a 3D data- 
base for projecting and analysis. 
Updating digital maps and databases 
Development of methods for least squares adjustment to com- 
bine new and old data. Design of a user interface that can 
display the varying accuracies and the variation in details of 
the database. 
GIS 
An on-going Ph.D. study develops a framework for geogra- 
phical data modelling for GIS. Systematization and documenta- 
tion of aims and goals is seen as essential for the successful 
and cost efficient implementation. 
Development of methods for automatic creation of links be- 
tween attribute and map databases applies principles of arti- 
ficial intelligence. The implementation of an analytical appli- 
cation on an ARC/INFO platform will demonstrate the poten- 
tials of generalized cartographic representation of attribute data. 
Research on the feasibility of using existing map data in GIS 
has been carried out. 
A staff member participates in a work group on developing 
new standards for digital mapping in Denmark. 
Instrumentation 
Several electronic theodolites, EDM, and total stations. 
A KERN DSR15 analytical plotter, a stereo comparator and a 
few analogue instruments. 
(^-^ “a ee 4