ation 
nna 
are 
Y, Z2, 
After 
hese 
ized, 
ihich 
OW: 
(3) 
tion 
bject 
erior 
the 
f x,y 
have 
uted 
efers 
btain 
S.(2) 
-W -Vsing -c,V +b,W 
A=| 0 Using -Wcosep c,U-a,W |. 
U Vcoso -b,U ra,V 
Sometimes, there are enough ground control points 
in the test field and the coordinates (u,v,w) are 
accurately determined in ground survey. Letting 
x=r=0, Eqs. (3.3), Eqs. (3.c) and Eqs (3.d) will form 
the error equations for GPS-supported single image 
resection in space. Based on these error equations, 
we can solve together the elements of interior 
orientation and those of exterior orientation with the 
least squares adjustment method. 
If the overall adjustment is performed by using all 
photographs covering the test field, Eqs. (3) is the 
observation equations for GPS-supported bundle 
block adjustment. In this case, the solution of the 
normal equation includes not only the elements of 
interior orientation and those of exterior orientation, 
but also the coordinates of the photogrammetric 
points. In order to improve the accuracy of block 
adjustment, it is necessary to use self-calibration 
technique to effectively compensate for residual 
systematic errors of the photogrammetric images in 
GPS-supported bundle block adjustment. 
3. DETERMINATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF 
INTERIOR ORIENTATION ON 
CAMERA WILD RC-20 
To test and verify the correctness and efficiency of 
the — above-presented methods, the actual 
determination for interior orientation elements of 
camera Wild RC-20 was made by using a set of real 
photographs which were taken in the test field in 
Taiyuan. The details of the aerophotography and the 
ground control points have been described in an 
earlier paper (Li Deren and Yuan Xiuxiao, 1995). 
Table 1 lists the main technical data of GPS- 
supported photo flight. 
  
  
Table 1 Technical Data of Test Photographs 
Item Data 
survey aircraft Lear Jet 36A of U.S.A 
GPS receiver 4 Trimble 4000SST 
aerial camera Wild RC-20 
format 23 cm X 23cm 
elements of interior orientation f=303.86mm, xo=-0.0030mm, y=0.0170mm 
image scale 1:5000 
longitudinal overlap 6296-7096 
lateral overlap 0.4%~56% 
number of strips 4 
number of pictures 32 
number of photogrammetric points |270 
number of fixed artificial points 149 
antenna-camera-offset u=1.8216m, v=0.4106m, w=1.4026m 
  
  
  
  
The determination of the elements of interior 
orientation is made according to four cases. Case a 
solves only 6 elements of exterior orientation in 
conventional space resection of a single photograph. 
The elements of interior orientation are copied from 
the camera calibration certificate. Case b, without 
GPS photogrammetric coordinates, solves 6 
elements of exterior orientation and 3 elements of 
interior orientation together on the principle of 
single-image resection in space and ground control 
points. Case c is GPS-supported single-image 
resection in space. Case d is GPS-supported bundle 
block adjustment with 4 full ground control points in 
the corners of the block. The coordinates of ground 
control points in case a, case b and case c are the 
adjusted results of conventional bundle block 
adjustment with 3 additional parameters, where 149 
fixed artificial points were used as orientation points 
215 
in photogrammetric densification. The overall 
accuracy of the coordinates of photogrammetric 
points reach o,7 +9.4 um, M,= +4.5 CM, M,= +6.4 Cm 
and m,=159cm in the ground. The determined 
results of interior orientation elements are given in 
Table 2. 
From the results of Table 2 the following 
conclusions can be drawn: 
(1). In case b, the correlation between X,Y, f and 
Xs, Ys,Zs is very strong (see Figure 1.a), which leads 
to the ill-conditioned normal equation. As a result, 
the determined accuracy of the orientation elements 
is very low. And the determination values of the 
orientation elements are different with different 
photos. The normal equation has an uncertain 
solution. 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B1. Vienna 1996