ERRORS AND TOLERANCES IN THE MAPPING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY, RS AND 
GIS INTEGRATION 
Prof, dr. Nitu Constantin, Academia Tehnica Militara, Bucuresti, Romania 
Dipl. eng. Nitu Calin Daniel, Directia Topogratica Militara, Bucuregti, Románia 
Commision II. Working Group 5 
KEY WORDS: GIS, errors, tolerances, procedures, data flow 
Abstract 
The computational cartography or the automated mapping involves digital map 
achievement. The features of digital map can be captured using vectorial or raster 
photogrammetric or cartographic digitizing, remote sensing (only with the raster data). 
So, the actual technologies are integrated in a single process flow. A great importance 
in the mapping, photogrammetry, RS and GIS integration have the study of errors and 
tolerances of heterogenous data, first of all of locational data. 
1. ACHIEVEMENTS AND 
DEVELOPEMENT TRENDS 
The mapping, photogrammetry, 
RS and GIS were developed much 
independently, 
correlation in the last years. Suddenly 
with the concept of geoinformation 
appeared the concept of GIS, system 
composed by hardware, software, 
technologies, locational and — thematical 
data (spatial data), designed to give to the 
users the necessary information for GIS 
represented space management, 
that much in increased 
The system is horizontally and 
vertically extended, with vectorial data or 
with raster data, or, in actual time with 
both types of data. For these data there 
are specific algorithms [4,5]. 
The first layers or coverages in 
GIS data base there are the digital 
272 
cartographic data, which defines the 
location of all thematical data. All the 
classes of GIS inputs and outputs are 
geoimages, the object of geoiconies [5]. 
The capture and processing of digital 
cartographic data are made with the 
complex systems and  heterogenous 
methods [6]. 
By integration are created geoiconics 
supersystems (GIS, expert systems, 
cybemetics, geodesy, cartography, RS etc. 
integration). The first role of the 
computational (digital) cartography is 
given by: (1) the basic sources of the 
spatial and temporal organized 
geoinformation are the maps and the 
charts; (2) the geodetic and topographic 
coordinates system there are the base for 
the geoinformation location; (3) the 
analogical published and displayed maps 
and the digital maps are the principal 
mean for the geographical interpretation 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B2. Vienna 1996 
  
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