he 
|re 
si. 
tal 
he 
us 
he 
hic 
for 
he 
ps 
pal 
on 
  
  
and for data 
thematical layers 
organization on the 
(coverages); (4) the 
artographical analysis is and will be 
afterwords the efficent method 
for geographical and topographical 
similarity determination and for knowledge 
base interdependency; (5) the 
mathematical-cartographical modelling is 
the principal method for ‘the 
geoinformation transformation 
(conversion). 
most 
2 THE INTEGRATED PROCESS 
FLOW PROCEDURES 
The in tegrated process enntains, as a 
mle, the following procedures: data 
acquisition (capture), data processing, 
analysis and conversion, erior analysis 
and data validity and final producis 
(outputs) presentation |4,0). 
Data acquisition is made in the 
field with topographical methods. in the 
labs with photogrammetrical and RS 
method: (using data from the sensors 
mounted on the moving platforms) or 
from direct digitizing (scanning) of mapa, 
charts, photogrammes or of other kinds of 
geoimages, 
The data processing is performing 
with complex algorithms for geometric and 
mdiometric rectification, far. geodetic and 
geographic location. The data analysis 
involves the exploration of ielaüionships 
beiween the variables amd comprises ihe 
quantitative analysis, data classification 
and generalization. 
Data conversion is performing all 
fhe time depending on the processing 
and presentation demands and may be 
raster-to-raster (in the case of geoimage 
resampling), raster-io-veclor or 
273 
vector-to-raster. 
The data error estimation 
accompanies all the stages of integrated 
process flow, or is apriori or finally made, 
regarding to the final product 
presentation. The error estimation is 
made for location or thematical data. 
3. THE INITIAL, INTERMEDIATE 
AND FINAL DATA ERRORS 
The complexity of integrated process 
flow and the initial data  heterogenity 
leads directly to he heterogenitv of the 
intermediate and final data estimation. 
The error of cantured data have 
differant sources and a  sistematic or 
accidental characteristic. — Egg, the 
topographical, photogrammetrical or RS 
measurements must be corrected for the 
atmosteric refraction and Earth curvature 
influence, but not completely [7]. 
The total spatial error is given 
by the succesion of conversions and 
transformations for the data contiguity 
assurance mito the coordinate system 
accepted for spatial (cartographic) data 
base. More simple are the transformations 
in the case of cartographic vectorial data 
digitizing and more and more complex in 
the other data capture procedures, but all 
the transformations may be regarded ss 
generalized polynomial transformations 
[5] 
p 
The stochastic model of 
transformation is always redundantand for 
the spatial data they use accuracy 
indicators like RMSE, the errors of 
converted data etc. 
Among the errors of initial data 
there are: the calibration error, the errors 
due to unstable moving of bearer veciors 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B2. Vienna 1996