Figure 3. One of final cartographic products
several orthoimages were created in semi-automatic mode and
represented in both graphic and realistic halftone forms. The
relatively small area of the islands, the low elevations, the dense
net of reliable ground control points and permanent referencing
to the sea level, which is well defined by the ice floes, improve
the accuracy of stereoplotting and the final products.
5.2 Final cartographic products
Several image maps of FJL were completed, edited and printed
during the period of 1994-1996. All maps are presented in
Gauss-Krüger projection with necessary toponyms. Dimensions
of the ellipsoid of Krasovskiy were used, and elevations of
photogrammetric points are given with respect to the current
level of the Barents Sea. The graphical precision of the printed
maps is usually between 0.2 and 0.5 mm at publication scale.
A combined image-line map covering the whole FJL
archipelago generated by means of monoplotting on the basis of
KATE-200 photographs was printed in four colors at 1:600,000
scale. The map is generally designed for touristic purposes; its
legend includes islands, glaciers, ice-free areas, spot elevations
and the most interesting historical and touristic spots. It contains
221 geographic names, both Russian and English, of all large
islands, straits and bays, capes and scientific stations. There are
several pages of text attached describing the high arctic
environment in FJL and the history of its exploration.
A satellite basic contour map of Ziegler Island with surrounding
areas in the central part of FJL was printed in six colours at
1:100,000 scale with a contour interval of 50 meters. Different
kinds of shorelines are presented: ice-free and icy shores,
precipitous and sloping, steady and changing banks. All
elevations given were compiled photogrammetrically and
checked via ground control. The elevation accuracy is
characterized by the rmse of m 17.5 meters. A new kind of
combined image-line map was created by overlaying the digital
contour map of Ziegler Island on a digital fragment of an ERS-1
radar image, which was appropriately transformed beforehand.
The advantage of such an approach is that thematic
glaciological information about the distribution of different
glacial zones, which can be distinguished in SAR imagery, can
be combined with conventional topographic information. The
combined map is printed at 1:200,000 scale in order to diminish
inaccuracies arising from the overlay procedure.
A combined image-line map of Hall Island-Cape Tegetthoff
Was prepared at 1:50,000 scale on the basis of KFA-1000
stereophotographs with a ground resolution of 5 meters. Apart
from the tick marks of normal geographic coordinates the map
also features a geodetic grid. The image map covers an area of
17x13 square kilometers and reveals the beautiful nature of that
site in ten colors. The original size of the map sheet is 640x465
mm? . A small-size black-and-white copy of this map is given
in Figure 3. Several sketch maps were drafted for the same test
area by means of comparison between aerial and spaceborne
Photographs in order to show the drastic retreat of glacial
borders and essential changes in shorelines which have occurred
in the course of the past 40 years. One of them printed at
original scale of 1:15,000 has already been shown in Figure 1.
475
CONCLUSIONS
A wide range of useful features as well as the attractive
appearance, cost-efficiency and up-to-detains of our satellite
image maps make them an ideal basis for scientific and
administrative activities in the FJL archipelago. Obviously, PC-
based mapping technology can not compete with a complex
cartographic/photogrammetric workstation, but its cost
efficiency, relative simplicity and rapid access to results ensure
the popularity of such approach among the broad research
community. Further terrestrial topographic investigations using
mobile devices for accurate 3-dimensional positioning are
needed in order to verify our determinations and to extrapolate
them over the whole archipelago. Nevertheless, the present
results are of fundamental significance and could serve as an
important aid in the photogrammetric mapping of the whole
Russian Arctic territory at 1:200,000 scale to be carried out in
the scope of the New State Cartographic Program.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We want to express our profound gratitude to
Prof. Dr. G. Brandstätter from the Institute of Applied Geodesy
and Photogrammetry, TU Graz for his valuable contribution
inspiring and supporting the whole project and Ing. W. Krämer
from the same institute for his kind technical assistance.
Dr. A. Sharov warmly thanks his brave and skilled partners
Ing.-hydrographer P. Kovalenko and Stud.-hydrologist S.
Teliatnikov who took part in field work, Mr. V. Bugaev, the
director of Krenkel station, FJL for his hospitality and all other
colleagues for their sincere help and cooperation.
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International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B4. Vienna 1996
