After researchments performed in last few years, it
becomes obvious that coke industry was the biggest
pollutant in the Bay of Bakar, but influence of all other
industrial installations is not negligible. Deteriorated living
conditions of the local inhabitants, degradation of the
precisious space and natural environment, became evident.
Realizing the critical state caused by the spatial and
ecological failure, the district of Rijeka has been conducting
very resolute politics for several years aiming to close the
coke plant down and to find out a.new possibility to change
the economic structure of some existing capacities and to
estimate the possibility of substituting the existing activities
and purposes with new contents, with respect to its
economical and ecological requirements.
With industrial development mechanical flux of inhabitants
became, which caused additional difficulties with communal
infrastructure. At the relatively small area, residence,
agriculture, touristic contents, urban life and roads, air and
ship traffic, and industry enter into conflict. But, relevant
data about area are incomplete. One of the main problems
is ignorance of consequencies. There are no chronological,
objective and reliable data about influence of pollutants on
the environment nor on the people and their health.
Imperriled are air, soils, sea, drinking water, vegetation and
human's health. |t is obvious, that to protect the area,
before all actions demanding alteration of the condition of
the area, it is necessary to know what exactly is wished
for to change. For effectively definition of the problem, it is
necessary to show a deviation of the normal condition, of
the condition which existed before or it exists in some other
similar environment. Reliable data about that space must
be at disposal.
In order to become in situation of possessing the reliable
data which could be used as a support for decision
making, it is necessary to establish system of:
a) monitoring of the meteorological parameters,
b) monitoring of emission parameters,
c) monitoring of imission parameters,
and project information system which should contain, and
manage all these data together, and through analyzing the
interaction between different data and different parameters
be able to produce new interesting information .
2. ENVIRONMENTAL GIS
The GIS facilitates the analysis of complex environmental
issues by allowing the interactions and impacts of
contaminants on soil, air, water, and so forth, to be
considered simultaneously, and results should be that stuff
in multiple program areas who seldom have the opportunity
764
to work together can readily access each others data.
These regulatory data can be linked with other natura
resources, demographic, or reference data to bring all this
information to bear on daily programmatic decisions.
Environmental models can be integrated with geographic
information systems to improve our knowledge of
environmental science and management. A geographical
information system (GIS), running on a fast new generation
workstation, can provide the appropriate modeling platform
for formulating and running sophisticated environmental
models. Many of the necessary capabilities are now widely
accessible from GIS platforms including abilities to
construct or import digital elevation models, to integrate
diverse databases for input and output, to access viewshed
analyses algorithms and harnes the computational power
required for complex calculations (Dubayah,Rich,1995).
Geographical information system is now much more than
just a means of coding, storing and retrieving data about
aspects of the Earth's surface. In a very real sense the
data in geographical information system model the real
world. As these data can be accessed , transformed and
manipulated interactively in such a system, they can serve
as a test bed for studying environmental processes or for
analyzing the results of trends, or for anticipating the
possible results of planning decisions. By using the
geographical information system it is possible for planners
and decision makers to explore a range of possible
scenarios and to obtain an idea of consequences of a
course of action before the mistakes have been made
irrevocably in the landscape itself.
Defining systems of representation based upon the
identification of entities and their relationships, leaves many
questions unansweredabout how entities and their
behavior are recognized and structured in environmental
science. Data models express theories predicting the
structure of real world domain in terms of entities and their
attributes organized in inter-related sets. One of the basic
problems encountered when “coupling environmental
models with GIS is that the former are specified as process
models while the latter are specified as data models.
Process and data models can be linked when implemented
in object-oriented systems ( Raper,Livingstone, 1995).
The process of developing systems usually begins with
analyses or knowledge engineering. The results of these
can be expressed in the form of a model known as a
conceptual model. This conceptual model seeks to capture
the essential elements of the real world of interest to the
problem. Semantic data models were developed in the late
1970's specifically to make database design more
accessible to non-database specialists, such as users,
conceptual designers and even application specialists
(Sussman, 1993). Basically, these models aim to capture
the meaning of the data in more or less formal way, so that
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B4. Vienna 1996
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