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5.2.1 1:2,000,000-scale Series 
5.2.2 1:5,000,000-scale Series 
5.2.3 Global Maps 
--1:15,000,000 Scale 
--1:25,000,000 Scale 
5.2.4 Special Large-scale Maps 
--Facsimile Camera and Viking Lander Site Mapping 
--Olympus Mons Map 
--Figure, Geodetic Control and Topographic Map of Phobos 
5.3 Mars Digital Terrain Model (DTM) 
5.3.1 DTM Derivation 
9.3.2 Color-coded Global Topographic Maps 
9.3.3 Perspective Views of Prominent Features of Mars 
5.4 Quantitative Analysis of Mars Topography 
6. Nomenclature and Map Users' Guide 
Acknowledgements 
Appendix A: Mars 1:2,000,000-Scale Series of Topographic Maps (108 maps) 
Appendix B: Mars 1:25,000,000-Scale and 1:15,000,000-Scale Global Topographic Maps 
(4 maps) 
Appendix C; Associated Legendre Function 
Appendix D: Mars Topographic Datum 
24 (17 line drawings, 6 black & white half-tone, and 1 color 
half-tone), est. 15 
112 contour maps superimposed on half-tone image maps, 3 line-drawing 
maps, 3 color image maps (front and back cover) and 3 color line-drawing 
Book Size: 12"x 15" 
Total number# of pages: est. 180 pages 
Text: 42 pages 
Illustrations: 
pages 
Topographic Maps: 
maps (attachment pocket), 
est. 117 pages 
Tables: 6, est. 4 to 6 pages 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Mars, one of our closest neighboring planets, is the 
fourth planet from the Sun revolving in an orbit 
between Earth and Jupiter. Mars has a mass of only 
one tenth of that of the Earth's and one seventh of the 
Earth's volume. The symbol for Mars is {.0:) 
represents a shield and spear (Glasstone, 1968). 
Mars also has four seasons but has 687 days with 24 
hours and 39.6 minutes per day in a solar year. 
Because of the seasonal changes, the polar caps and 
the bright areas and dark areas are the most 
prominent features on the Martian surface. Other 
prominent features include huge volcanic features and 
a long canyon complex. The bright areas of Mars 
which include both orange and yellowish brown areas 
cover about 70% of the Martian surface. This is the 
reason why the planet looks reddish and is therefore 
called the red planet. Mars has two moons, Phobos 
and Deimos, which are heavily cratered and irregular 
in shape. 
The charting of the Martian surface started as early as 
1840 by German astronomers W. Beer and J.H. 
Madler. The first series of maps of Mars were made 
by G. Ovanni Schiapaelli from his observations during 
the period from 1870 to 1879 (de Vacouleurs, 1965). 
He introduced linear markings called "canali" in the 
map. Since 1964, from spacecraft imaging data 
transmitted by mariner 4, Mariner 6, and Mariner 7,no 
linear network of canal-like features were observed on 
the martian surface. It was Mariner 9 (1971) and 
Viking (1976) Mars missions that had photographically 
covered the entire Martian surface and have 
accomplished a giant step toward the understanding of 
the red planet Mars. One of the accomplishments is 
that using topographic data from Mars missions and 
from Earth-based radar observations, topography of 
the entire Martian surface has been systematically 
mapped at various scales by the United States 
. Geological Survey (USGS) in Flagstaff, Arizona. 
963 
Topographic maps of Mars provide a quantitative 
representation of landform and relief of the Martian 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B4. Vienna 1996