This is the case of dealing with photos (Figure 1) that were 
made for photo documentation purposes only. As it will be 
seen from photography disposition, they were not made to 
serve as a basis for measurement, but as a visual 
documentation. 
The position and geometry of traces that have been under 
investigation were determined by  photogrammetric 
intersection using the available photo documentation and 
the additional field measurements. Comprehensive 
photogrammetric measurements and analysis have been 
carried out (Table 2). In addition to the traces in question, 
other relevant details have been shown on the drawing of 
the traffic scene accident such as: unquestionable traces, 
the found position of the vehicle, traffic signs, etc. 
Table 2: Some characteristics of the traffic scene 
analysis project 
  
  
  
  
control points spatial intersection method 
(m, 2m,2m;- 2cm) 
photo material non-metric photos - Leica type _ 
  
  
Data processing 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
software RolleiMetric MR2 
number of 1 
cameras 
number of photos | 1 (2-6) 
camera - objects |2-25m 
distance 
photography bad 
disposition 
data adjustment bundle adjustment 
  
accuracy of image |0.2 mm 
coordinates 
achieved accuracy | 2-3 cm in direction normal to the 
for object street axes; 
coordinates of the | 5-10 cm in street direction 
trace in question 
  
  
  
  
  
Comprehensive photogrammetric observations were 
necessary to provide the required accuracy and to connect 
questionable traces with other details important for the 
spatial and time analysis of the traffic scene accident. Two 
traces determined by photogrammetric intersection using 
the available amateur photos and all the other evidence, 
followed by the judgment of the expert for traffic accident 
investigations, enabled a detailed reconstruction of the 
vehicle movement just before the accident happened. 
2. EXPERTISE OF THE STREET DEMONSTRATIONS 
For court investigation requirements, expertise of the video 
material of the street demonstrations, has been appointed 
to the Laboratory for Photogammetry at the Institute of 
Geodesy (Mihajlovió, 1994b, Cvijetinovió, 1996). The 
expertise task was related to the photogrammetric 
determination of the direction and possible path of bullets 
fired from weapon during events recorded by video 
cameras. Video images of the event made by video 
reporters of several TV stations were given at the disposal of 
the Institute of Geodesy at disposal. 
The expertise has been divided into several characteristic 
stages (Table 3). 
  
Figure 2: One of the framed images 
Table 3: Characteristic stages and the time taken by the 
expertise 
  
  
  
1. | Conversion of the video material in a | 2h 
computer acceptable form and printing 
on paper 
2. | Photogrammetric registration of the | 1h 
scene in front of the Federal Assembly 
building 
3. | Inspection of the scene accident, field | 6h 
measurements 
4. | Photogrammetric process. (orientation) 13h 
5. | Photogrammetric processi. (calculations | 3h 
of 3D coordinates) 
6. | Creation of drawings by use of CAD | 15h 
tools 
  
  
  
  
  
  
Total : 40h 
The elements of the interior and exterior orientation of 
thirteen framed video images (Figure 2) have been 
determined by use of photogrammetric measurements 
and positions of control points determined by precise 
geodetic survey. Some of the most important 
characteristics of the project are presented in Table 4. 
Calculations of coordinates for the top of the gun and 
the eye of the shooting person were necessary for the 
determination of the bullet direction. Mean square error 
of the X and Y coordinates wa 6.5 cm, and 1.7 cm for Z 
coordinate (Table 4). 
Three dimensional coordinates and exterior orientation 
elements calculated by geodetic survey and 
photogrammetric methods were transported to AutoCAD 
where editing of final drawings was carried out. Wire 
frame drawing was generated for the scene in front of 
the Federal Assembly building (Figure 3). Drawings with 
vertical and horizontal profiles set in bullet direction, and 
perspective views from camera positions were also 
created. 
276 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B5. Vienna 1996 
Table 4: 
of the ev 
Data ac 
Control 
photo r 
  
achieve 
(exterio 
orienta! 
achieve 
(bullet | 
  
  
A 
  
  
Figure 3: 
Federal ,