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averaging about 1,6 km. The average and maximum
depths are 35,8 and 110 m. The bathymetry and the
locations in the Strait, derived from Turkish Chart
TR-2921 (Fig.1) . Its bed is a drowned river channel,
more than 50 m deep, extending beyond a sill of 32 to
34 m depth located at the southern entrance of the
Strait, between Kabata] and Usküdar. One of the distinct
characteristics of the Bosphorus Strait is a two-layer
current and density distribution. Less-saline, Black Sea
surface-water is carried into the Marmara Sea at the
surface of the Strait, while underlying bottom water from
the Marmara Sea, which is originally from the
Mediterranean, is carried in the opposite direction
towards the Black Sea. The surface current follows(Fig.2)
the Strait's meandering path and forms numerous small
circulations in several bays on both sides. The bottom
current follows more closely the windings of the channel.
DD
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RUMELIHISARI £5 2
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GOLDEN HORN go , ÜSKÜDAR
A
Figure 1 : Location map and Strait of Istanbul bathmetry
derived from Turkish Chart (2921)).The southern sill is
located between Kabatas and Üsküdar
153
SCALE: 1: 23 000
MARMARA SEA
Figure 2 . Bathymetry and flow direction at certain
cross sections of Bosphorus
Vertical stratification has been investigated by many
researchers in order to understand the important role of
water exchange throughout the Bosphorus Strait in
determining the oceanographic regime, especially that of
the western Black Sea and the Marmara Sea. Studies of
water exchange, vertical stratification and current
characteristics were first conducted by English, Russian
and German observers in the early 1800's.
The Golden Horn which flows in anorthwest-sout-east
direction joins the Bosphorus at Istanbullt is
approximately 7.5 to 8 km in length ,and also has a two
layer current and density distrubition. The upper layer is
about 2 to 3m deep and is higly polluted by wastes
diascharged from many industrial plants and
municipalities and by many polluted tributary streams.
Industrial plants contribute approximately 200,000 m? of
polluted water per day to the Golden Horn. Of the total
,67 percent are chemical substances. The water quality is
further degraded by salt water incursions from the sea
of Marmara .In addition to the industrial and domestic
pollutants,pollution sources in the sttdy area include
agricultural irrigation water containing large amaunts of
nitrogen and phosphorus compounds ,rain water carrying
soil removed by erosion ,waste products discharged by
ships and boats and varius solid wastes.
Water quality reference data for Bosphorus and the
Golden Horn were collected by Middle East Technical
Universitys Institute of Marine Sciences (METU/IMS).
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B7. Vienna 1996
