Table 4. Photogrammetric application types in Turkey. 
  
  
    
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
  
   
   
  
  
   
  
   
  
   
   
   
  
  
    
  
   
   
   
    
  
   
  
   
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
    
  
   
  
   
    
   
    
  
APPLICATION PURPOSE-ACTIVITY 
  
Main Major Minor 
>%50 %10-50 <% 10 
  
  
  
  
  
  
Education/ training 5 2 2 
Research - 3 3 
Consultancy - 7 2 
National mapping 2 - 3 
Project mapping 3 1 1 
Close range photogrammetry . 
‚Architectural - 1 3 
.Industrial/engineering - - 1 
  
  
  
  
  
  
2.4. EDUCATION 
In Turkey, postgraduate and undergraduate education in the 
domain of geodesy and photogrammetry are given by 5 
universities (Y.T.U., K.T.U., Konya Selcuk U., ITU, 
Zonguldak Karaelmas U.). Excluding these universities the 
courses related to geodesy and photogrammetry are given 
by Hacettepe U., Bosphorus U., M.E.T.U., Faculty of 
Architecture Cukurova U., Istanbul U.-Faculty of Forestry. 
In addition to the education given by the universities, the 
elementary education in the domain of photogrammetry is 
also given by the high schools and the school of vocational 
and the technical personnel are trained in these schools as 
photogrametrists. 
2.5, PHOTOGRAMMETRIC INSTRUMENTS , 
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 
The hardware and software requirements related to 
photogrammetric instruments and systems are imported and 
any company that manufactures photogrammetric 
instruments in public and private sector doesn’t exist. 
Institutions and universities improves the additional user 
software which they need. 
Quantity and presence of existing instruments and 
equipment are listed in table 5. 
Table 5. Quantity and presence of existing instruments and 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
equipment. 
The type of instrument Quantity 
Aircraft 8 
Aerial camera \ 15 
Terrestrial camera 10 
Photolabratory 2 
Analoque instruments 60 
Analytical instrument 22 
Digital instrument 26 
Scanner 6 
Stereoscope Many 
  
  
  
  
84 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B6. Vienna 1996 
2.6. PROJECTS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS 
The project to produce the large scale digital map and to 
establish GIS with data coming from the first project 
launched by three metropolitan municipality (Ankara, 
Istanbul, Bursa) are going on. These projects have been 
carried out by two big private companies. 
In GCM the test project related to usage of relative 
kinematic GPS data in aerial triangulation resulted in 
Success. 
In the Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre, the 
project to determination of ground control points with 
aerial triangulation method has been started and it is 
planned to produce 7000 ground control points in that 
project. 
Digital cross-section production in the Directorate of 
Highway and digital forest map production in the 
Directorate of Forestry, are continued. 
Excluding these efforts in the domain of photogrammetry 
various projects, works, investigations and publications in 
the other public and private organizations and universities 
also exist. 
2.7. IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THE PERIOD 
1992-1996. 
In the domain of photogrammetry, the extensive use of 
computer and computer aided systems made the 
photogrammetry superior in Turkey, similar to the other 
countries. Private sector's advancement in the domain of 
photogrammetry starts in this period . When we evaluate 
existing systems and present conditions we come to these 
following conditions : 
- In public facilities, analoque instruments are still used 
efficiently. Also the works about the conversion of some of 
them to the semi-analytical will be just completed. 
- Analytical instruments are used in both private sector and 
public facilities. Especially for the measurement of aerial 
triangulation, analytical instruments are still used more 
efficiently, and in the recent years so the digital 
instruments. 
- Digital photogrammetric systems have been implemented 
for the last few months. Data which are obtained from 
aerial photographs by means of precise scanners are used 
in these systems. In this period which the digital orthophoto 
production has just begun (using satellite images), 
orthophoto and anagliph map production have the primary 
role. 
3. REMOTE SENSING 
As a natural extension of "Information age" in which we 
  
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