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4. APPLICATION INTEGRATION 
AND MATERIAL COVERED 
As already mentioned the authoring software used to develop 
"Photogrammetrist v.1.0" is Aymmetrix ToolBook 1.5.3. The 
object oriented structure of this software allows for the easy 
design of electronic pages including buttons, hotwords, menus, 
check buttons etc. 
In  "Photogrammetrist v.1.0” the basic concepts of 
Photogrammetry are covered in 150 electronic pages. Each 
electronic page consists of 50% of designs, graphics and 
dynamic pictures, 10% of a set of navigation buttons, 15% for 
the title of the units and subunits and 25% of text that 
embodies hotwords and hypertext (Figure 5). In addition a 
section with numeric exercises has been developed, where the 
user can study, by clicking the button ‘Knowledge’, the 
corresponding page of theory. Also by clicking the button 
‘Calculator’, a simple calculator appears, which was included 
in the development to help the solution of simple arithmetic 
equations. 
Figure 5: A typical electronic page of "Photogrammetrist v.1.0" 
The seven electronic books include the following topics: 
1. The Photogrammetric Procedure 
Photogrammetric applications 
Air survey planning 
Data Collection (Figure 6) 
Geometric model of Central Projection 
Photogrammetric products 
2. Examination of the optical ray path 
Distortion due to earth curvature 
Distortion due to atmospheric refraction 
Distortion due to material shrinkage 
3. Interior Orientation 
Coordinate system of air photograph 
Radial lens distortion 
Displacement of principal point 
Principal distance 
4. Single image Photogrammetry 
Object and photo coordinate systems 
Scale differences of map and photograph 
Factors affecting photo scale 
Rectification 
  
49 
  
Orthophotography 
Photomosaic and orthophotomap 
  
Figure 6: Data collection and Photo scale 
5. Stereoscopic vision and Parallax (Figure 4) 
Natural stereovision 
Stereoscope 
Parallax (Figure 7) 
Relative orientation 
6. Orientations 
Coordinate systems 
Collinearity equations 
Resection in space 
Exterior orientation 
Absolute orientation 
7. Exercises (use of calculator) 
The self-studying character of the program posed several 
limitations. Firstly, the application should be able to run with 
minimum hardware demands. This was decided to be as little 
as a 386SX CPU, 2 MB RAM, SVGA monitor (640x480, 256 
colours), no sound card, no networking. The problem of sound 
and speech was bypassed with the use of the PC Speaker 
driver, which is available free from Micrososft. The PC 
Speaker allows the computer speaker to output simple but 
recognisable sound and speech files (.wav files, 8 bit, 11 Khz, 
mono). Secondly, the distribution of the program in floppy disks 
prohibited the extensive use of images and the use of video. 
The majority of figures are drawn with the simple drawing 
tools, provided by ToolBook. In general, when dealing with 
multimedia applications the effort to reduce the space 
increases the time needed to develop the application. 
Fab 
SI 
  
Figure 7: Steroscopic vision and parallax 
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXI, Part B6. Vienna 1996