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Welfare Work 241 
3. Chemieal extinguishers. 
4. Fire hose at sufficiently elose intervals to be effect- 
ive. 
9. Water-buckets and sand-buekets kept filled and 
available for immediate use. 
6. Metal cans with self-closing lids to receive oily 
waste and any other inflammable material. 
7. Fire drills among employes. 
8. Shop fire companies. 
The various fire underwriters’ bureaus have available 
detailed descriptions of fire prevention apparatus and 
building specifications for various kinds of industrial 
establishments, which should be carefully consulted by 
committees having this subject in charge. Figures 76, 
77, 78, and 79 illustrate typical modern machine safe- 
guards. 
Under the existing apprentice systems at the General 
Electric and Westinghouse companies, it costs those cor- 
porations about $1,000 over and above the value of the 
productive work of the apprentice to make him a valu- 
able worker. If an accident occurs to this apprentice 
the company loses, therefore, an investment of $1,000, in 
addition to any liability for damages. Moreover, they 
must start over again, expending not only the money 
but the time also in training another apprentice. 
For the ordinary factory without safeguards the aver- 
age rate of insurance for compensation for accidents is 
about $2.50 per $1,000 of pay-roll. With proper safe- 
guards this rate can be cut in half. The most hazardous 
industries in order of greatest number of accidents hap- 
pening per annum are as follows: 
1. Metal mining. 
2. Coal mining.