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THE DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE UNIVERSITY.* 
3Y PROFESSOR GIUSEPPE ALLIEVO, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TURIN, ITALY 
THE university is the studio of the universal encyclopedia ; it is the 
school of the whole of human knowledge in its complete organization and 
n its highest ideal. The limitations of individual minds, to which uni- 
versal knowledge is unattainable, led in earliest times to the division of 
aniversity learning into distinet and special groups, which, according to 
she European system, take the names of faculties, such as those of medi- 
cine, law, mathematics, theology, philosophy, and letters. Each of these 
faculties includes within itself several disciplines, which must be followed 
yy all the students who aim at a special degree. 
This ancient differentiation of studies, introduced from its origin into 
she university, was maintained during several centuries. But in course of 
time, and especially since 1600, the arts and sciences took a really wonder- 
ful development, so that in each faculty new branches of instruction were 
gradually added, in order to keep pace with the progressive development 
of knowledge. However, the young men enrolled under the various fac- 
nlties felt themselves more and more powerless to apply successfully the 
entire material of study included within the limits of each faculty towards 
acquiring the culture suited to the exercise of that liberal profession to 
which they aspired. Therefore the ancient differentiation of university 
studies into a few supreme groups termed faculties, or courses, was no 
longer sufficient ; and the necessity was felt of introducing into each of 
hem new divisions of studies, and of conferring corresponding special 
degrees. And, in fact, a few changes were made here and there in this 
sense ; but the need of further differentiations increases disproportion- 
ately, and while repeated attempts are being made to give to the univer- 
sity a new basis of organization corresponding to the requirements of the 
sime, public opinion is not yet unanimous as to the limits that should be 
seb to this work of differentiation. 
While specialization is becoming ever more pronounced in the different 
disciplines of the university, and also outside of the university in the lib- 
eral professions, another kind of scientific movement has become promi- 
aent within the circle of higher studies. In the past the study of theo- 
retical science and the routine acquisition of professional skill were one 
and the same at the university, and young men passed directly from 
theoretical studies to the practice of their profession. At present, stu- 
dents have made a division of the mental work : on one side the learned, 
with their pure and disinterested love of their science ; on the other the 
* Title, La divisione del lavaro nell’ Universitd. Translation made by Professor A. L. Frothingham, 
of Princeton, N. J.