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THE PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF SWEDEN. 293 
faculty of philosophy ; namely, the examination for the rank of ‘‘candi- 
fate of philosophy,” and that for ‘‘licentiate of philosophy.” Let me 
2dd some particulars concerning these two examinations. To become a 
« candidate of philosophy” the aspirant must be examined in five differ- 
ant subjects at least. These subjects may be chosen quite freely among 
“he branches of knowledge that belong to both sections of the department 
of philosophy. He must give proof of complete mastery of one of these 
subjects, or, if he so prefer, of excellent attainments in two. 
If a ‘candidate of philosophy” wishes to pass the examination for the 
rank of licentiate, he must be examined in at least two branches of knowl- 
edge, quite freely chosen from the curriculum of the department, and he 
must give evidence that he has acquired a deeper and scientific knowledge 
of them. A student is, however, not required to take the examination as 
candidate of philosophy before the licentiate, but may proceed immedi- 
ately to the latter degree, though, in this case, he has to give evidence of 
his scientific study of at least three sciences or branches of knowledge. 
A licentiate of philosophy wishing to become a doctor of philosophy, in 
lieu of further examination has to publish a scientific treatise based on his 
own independent researches, and to defend this treatise publicly. If the 
thesis and the defense of it are considered to be satisfactory, the licentiate 
is admitted to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 
Each of the two university examinations I have been treating of 
may be considered to demand, as a rule, three or four years of study in 
preparation. 
There are two points to which I specially wish to direct attention. The 
drst is the absolutely unlimited choice of studies open to the students 
within the limits of the department. It is quite lately that the examina- 
tions now in question have been so arranged as to permit such choice. 
Formerly some subjects were optional, others remaining compulsory, and 
there were rather intricate regulations with regard to the combination of 
subjects ; some might be combined, others not. The allowing of this 
inlimited choice of subjects has, in our country, generally been consid- 
sred as a decided instance of progress, and I trust that it will prove of 
sreat use in advancing deeper and true scientific study. 
The other point that I wish to accentuate is the regulation permitting 
students who have passed the entrance examination to the university with- 
>ut Latin, to be nevertheless admitted to the examinations for candidates 
and licentiates of philosophy, provided that the subjects they choose to 
he examined in are chiefly mathematics or natural sciences. With 
respect to this, the case is quite different from the state of things at the 
German universities, as many of you may have learned from the highly 
interesting address of Professor Watrots last week. But in our country Latin 
is still required of all who wish to pass other university examinations. 
Most of the students who pass the examinations for candidate or licen- 
18