OONFUCIUS AND HIS EDUCATIONAL IDEAS. 311 
agreement with that a Japanese scholar, Minsan, says : ‘The doctrine of 
Confucius is not based upon any literary fame. but upon acquiring 
rirtue.” 
Not only did Confucius consider virtue the first principle, but we find 
she same view in modern pedagogues, as, for instance, in Locke. Greiling, 
tlerbart, and others. 
[f we ask what Confucius means by virtue, piety, as mentioned above, 
s the most important with him. From ‘“Lun-yu” it appears that Confu- 
cius taught many things, as knowledge, decency, honesty, and faithful- 
ness. In another place Confucius says: Always practice truth and 
honesty.” Thus it appears that truth and honesty are additional virtues 
with Confucius. 
His pupil Tseu-Kung once asks if there be any word which could be 
considered as a moral principle for the whole life. Confucius answered : 
«To place one’s self into the same situation as others ;” and he adds: 
“ What you do not desire to be done to vou. that you may do to no other 
one.” 
Also Tseng-tseu confirms this by saying : ‘The doctrine of Confucius 
commends honesty and the putting one’s self into the situation of others.” 
By the latter he sees that Confucius means the practice of humanity. 
This principle was greatly esteemed by Confucius; it is very often men- 
tioned and emphatically enforced. In addition there are mentioned 
““ sincerity, liberality, reverence, humility, fortitude, willingness, respect 
towards the elder brother, loyalty to friends, magnanimity.” This very 
classification of virtues can be regarded as a proof that Confucius placed 
great value upon the establishment of morality. 
INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION. 
As Confucius laid the greatest stress upon moral education, let us see 
what he thought about intellectual education. In Ta-hio we read: <The 
rst step toward the growth and increase of the inborn gifts of the mind, 
consists in obliging one to acquire a distinct knowledge of things.” 
More emphatically it is said in Lun-yu: “The most perfect man must 
acquire a comprehensive knowledge ;” and in a third place, where Confu- 
cius well recommends to his pupils the study of Shi-king (poems), he praises 
this among other merits, that from them knowledge of many animals and 
plants is to be gained. 
PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
In Lun-yu it is said : “If cooked rice has become sour, or fish has be- 
come soft, Confucius does not eat such food ; also not if the meat has a 
oad color or disagreeable smell, or has not been entirely cooked, or if 
unripe fruits are offered to him. Wine he drinks as much as he is 
able without becoming intoxicated. But he does not drink wine nor eat