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18. 
EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF TRAINING AN ENGINEER. 577 
Now, in the course to be given we must include a thorough treatment 
of the fundamental principles of the subject, a study of the laws of 
thermodynamics, Carnot’s function, and the whole set of fundamental 
equations and their interpretations. Then come the applications of these 
fundamental principles to the gases and vapors used in practice for pro- 
ducing power, especially steam, and also gas and air. Then a study of 
the experiments that have been made, and the results of the experiments 
on the properties of vapors and gases ; experimental determination of the 
mechanical equivalent of heat ; tables of the properties of saturated steam 
as pressure, temperature, density, specific heat, latent heat, entropy, ete.; 
also the same for other vapors, and a study of the laws governing the flow 
of fluids, both gases and vapors, through orifices and in pipes, including a 
consideration of the resistances. The steam injector comes next ; and 
shen the student is prepared for a study of the behavior of steam in the 
cylinder of a steam engine. 
In this connection he should be taught the modern methods of analyz- 
ng and separating the various actions of the steam that passes through 
she engine, and of giving to each its proper consideration, both in the 
case of single and in that of multiple expansion engines ; and (in the 
cases of the latter) the effects of different sizes and arrangements of 
receivers, the methods of proportioning the cylinders, etc. 
Next he should learn how to make a proper engine test, both when it 
is for commercial purposes and also when it is to be made in a thoroughly 
complete and scientific manner for the purpose of obtaining definite 
knowledge as how to produce the best results by means of a steam engine. 
The day when the taking of a few indicator cards from an engine, or 
the making of tests in which scientific principles and scientific accuracy 
are not attended to, and claiming that such tests can furnish information 
as to what are the real effects of different arrangements, is rapidly 
passing away, the advocates of such a course confounding themselves by 
reaching too many contradictory conclusions by means of their tests. 
The stuaent should have presented to him, in a carefully systematized 
form, an account of the experiments that have been made with such 
degree of accuracy and such regard for scientific principles as to render 
them worthy of study; and he should thus become familiar with what is 
the extent of our knowledge of the subject up to date. He should then 
have a good course in steam boilers, their characteristics, construction, 
operation, and accessories, including chimneys, economizers, ete. Parallel 
with this course of steam engineering in the classroom, the student should 
begin work in the laboratory by making steam-engine tests, alternating 
his duties at each successive test until he has been drilled in performing 
all the different parts of the work, and in making all the calculations 
necessary. For this purpose it is much better for the education of the 
student if his work can be done upon an engine large enough to work