372 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF EDUCATION. 
ally the periodical T%e Gymnast (Der Turner), which was first issued 
in January, 1846. This publication was so well conducted and found so 
much favor that during the ‘second German gymnastic festival,” held 
in Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1847, it was made the official gymnastic orpan 
of entire Germany. 
The society in Dresden also arranged for two courses for the training of 
gymnastic teachers. The society’s propositions to the minister of educa- 
“ion, concerning the establishment of a state training-school for gymnastic 
‘eachers, found approval. The minister announced as early as March 16, 
1849, “that he considered it his imperative duty to give gymnastics a 
place of equal importance with other branches of public education ; that 
‘herefore he had concluded to establish a training-school for gymnastic 
seachers, who could conduct such exercises in the light of pedagogic sci- 
ance, and that he had ordered the necessary preparation for the opening 
of such a school.” At Faster of 1849 the institution was to be opened, 
but the insurrection which took place during the following May prevented 
the execution of this plan. Not until October 23, 1850, was the institu- 
sion formally opened, and the principal, Moritz Kloss, introduced into his 
new office. 
The insurrection mentioned was the cause of preventing the con- 
semplated introduction of gymnastics into the lower schools. Many noted 
gymnasts from the different societies for physical culture had participated 
mn the insurrection (popularly styled the Revolution of 1849), and after it 
vas quelled, an undiscriminating reactionary movement against gymnastic 
societies was inaugurated, so that the development of gymmastic art was 
checked. At many places it was entirely destroyed, and its practitioners 
were pursued with unusual severity. Life in gymnastic societies took a 
iresh impetus when preparations were made for the third national gym- 
aastic festival, to be held in Leipzig in 1863. The wars of 1864 and 1866 
mpaired the activity of the gymnastic societies in Germany but little. 
But the glorious war of 1870 offered the Saxon gymnasts opportunities, 
soth in the field and at home, for giving energetic expression to their 
satriotism. 
Political discussions have been prohibited on principle in the Saxon 
gymnastic societies. This has enabled them to grow undisturbed by police 
authority. At present there is in Saxony no city or good-sized village 
without at least one gymnastic society ; even many small settlements have 
a society of that kind. A statistical enumeration of January 1, 1892, 
records 615 cities and towns with 757 gymnastic societies, that have 87,388 
members over fourteen years of age ; of these, 51,901 are active gymnasts, 
led by 4,597 <“ Vorturner” (leaders of sections). If we consider the fact 
that the entire empire had at the same date 4,597 societies, with 447,046 
members, of whom 227,628 were active gymnasts, it is seen that the 
kingdom of Saxony occupies the sixth place in regard to the number of