THE PREVENTION AND CURE OF STUTTERING. 739 
twenty-five cases), sixty per cent. of the words are nouns and twenty per 
cent. are verbs. But in the vocabulary of the ordinary adult, sixty per cent. 
of the words are nouns, while only eleven per cent. are verbs. In other 
words, the child of two years has made nearly twice as much progress, 
relatively, in the acquisition of those words that are associated with move- 
ments (verbs), as he has with the acquisition of those words that are merely 
aames of objects. 
The same is true, even to a more striking extent, when we compare the 
acquisition of adverbs with that of verbs. The average child makes nearly 
four times as rapid relative progress with the adverbs as with the verbs. It 
is interesting in this connection to remember that Max Miller says that 
she primitive Sanskrit roots of all our Indo-Germanic words originally 
ndicated actions, and not objects. 
The principle itself is one that is revolutionizing modern pedagogic 
methods. Its germ may be found as far back as Aristotle, whose whole 
sthical system is based upon the formation of good habits by constant 
staining of the activities, and who has said that even as we learn to play on 
che harp by playing on the harp, so we become virtuous by doing actions 
of virtue, and just and brave bv doing actions of bravery and justice. 
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4 
APPLICATION OF THE LAWS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING 
FOR THE PREVENTION AND CURE OF STUTTERING. 
BY EDWARD MUSSEY HARTWELL, PH.D., M.D., DIRECTOR OF PHYSICAL 
TRAINING IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF BOSTON. 
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My main contention is that physical training should be adequately 
supported and effectively organized as a co-ordinate department in our 
slementary and secondary schools ; not simply or chiefly because of its 
value in promoting the health of the school population, but for the per- 
haps weightier reason, that as an educational discipline it lies at the basis 
of the most usual procedures employed by teachers to secure the ends of 
mental and moral training. In attempting to show the value and impor- 
ance of physical training as a necessary and irreducible factor in intel- 
lectual training, I shall confine my remarks in the main to a single 
oranch of the obviously fundamental department of language training, viz., 
shat of the education of the organs concerned in the production of speech. 
Stuttering, as is well known, is most frequent among children and 
youth of school age; and certain of the most authoritative writers on 
the subject, as, for instance, Kussmaul, the Gutzmanns, and A. Melville 
Bell, characterize it as a school disorder. <The schools,” says Bell, 
“are the nurseries of stuttering.” I shall have occasion further on to 
speak of the evidence which supports this view, and also of our reasons 
for believing that very much of the stuttering which infects our schools