THE PREVENTION AND CURE OF STUTTERING. 743 
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15 
these categories being approximately identical with the fundamental and 
accessory movements of Ross respectively. Central movements are those 
of the diaphragm, trunk, shoulder, and hips; among peripheral movements 
are those of the digits, mouth, and eyes. Among typical central move- 
ments are included those involved in walking, riding, swimming, rowing, 
bicycling, and various feats of gymnastics; typical peripheral movements in- 
clude such as those concerned in articulation, writing, violin playing, and 
sewing. Central movements form the course adjustment for the movement 
of the more peripherally situated parts. Intermediate movements are char- 
acterized as ‘more central” or ¢ more peripheral,” as the case may be, 
Central movements, according to Mercier, are represented in the lower or 
more central portions of the brain ; and peripheral movements are repre- 
sented in ¢“ higher level centers,” which have been developed later than the 
““ lower level centers.” ¢¢The cerebellum,” says Mercier, ¢‘ represents first 
and most the most central muscles. The cerebrum represents first and most 
she most peripheral muscles. The cerebellum maintains a continuous same 
action, the cerebrum breaks up the continuous same action into inter- 
rupted and various movements. The cerebellum actuates co-ordination 
(¢.e., combinations of movements by different groups of muscles) in 
simultaneity, the cerebrum actuates co-ordinations in succession. . . . 
Centers representing movements of the extreme periphery are most super- 
ficially situated in the corfex cerebri. . . . Centers representing the 
several segments of a limb are superposed on one another; the centers 
representing the most central movements being most centrally situated, 
and those representing the more and more peripheral movements being 
placed one above another towards the surface of the brain.” 
It remains to point out the application of certain of the facts and argu- 
ments thus far set forth to the production of normal and disordered 
speech. Mercier has nothing to say regarding stammering and stutter- 
ing, but his description of the movements involved is speech is in point 
here. ‘‘ In vocal utterance there are three sets of movements,” he says, 
“those of breathing, those of phonation, and those of articulation. Breath- 
ing is effected mainly by the most central of all muscles, and its move- 
ments occur in simplest succession and in brief and simple rhythm. 
Voice is produced mainly by movements of the larynx—movements that 
are midway between the central movements of breathing and the periph- 
eral movements of articulation ; and the sequence of these movements 
is intermediate in complexity between those of breathing and those of 
articulation. . . . Now advance to the extreme periphery and take 
the movements of articulation. Kach spoken word, like each written 
word, requires for its formation several movements succeeding each other 
in definite order at definite intervals ; and each sentence is a long sequence 
made up of many such short sequences arranged in a definite order. The 
number of different movements of the articulatory apparatus that go to