NEEDLEWORK IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF STOCKHOLM. 911 
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Some provinces codperate, by means of special contracts (consorzi universitars), with 
;he State in the payment of expenditures for the increase of scientific apparatus, for 
the annexed schools, for the laboratories and collections of the universities which are 
ocated in the respective provinces or communes. Some provinces and communes also 
1d 1n maintaining the superior institutes. 
There are seventeen governmental universities, and four called “ free” because they 
wre maintained by the provinces and communes where they are situated ; the superior 
mstitutes are governmental, and are eleven in number. The superior special schools 
are also eleven in number, and are maintained by the State, the fund being included in 
che budget of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, ‘and Commerce, in conjunction 
with the provinces and communes where they are situated. 
The two superior institutes for the education of women are dependent on the Ministry 
>f Public Instruction, to the accounts of which the expenditures are charged. 
The expenditures borne by the State for universities and other institutes and special 
schools amounted to $2,077,959 for the school year 1890-91, which sum was included 
in the budget of the Ministry of Public Instruction, and $112,905 in the budget of the 
Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. 
The amounts contributed by the provinces and communes to the funds of universities, 
superior institutes, and superior special schools, are added to the provincial and com- 
munal budgets. This fund is separate from the amounts furnished by the associations or 
zorporate bodies for the general increase and progress of studies. To this latter amount 
the provinces furnished $457,811, and the communes $829,190 for the year 1888-89. 
But the State revenues for this year indicate that the provinces and -communes will 
only codperate to the extent of $152,536 in the maintenance of universities and other 
superior institutes administered by the State. 
The superior special schools, as has been mentioned before, are founded and main- 
;ained conjointly by the State, the provinces, and the communes, and are managed by 
local commissions, which include in their membership representatives from the corpo- 
rate bodies which aid in the maintenance of said institutions. 
NEEDLEWORK IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF 
STOCKHOLM. 
BY MRS. HULDA LUNDIN, SUPERINTENDENT OF NEEDLEWORK, STOCKHOLM, 
SWEDEN. 
EpucaTioNaL methods of the present day demand that instruction in general shall 
oe given according to a carefully considered plan, which shall be at the same time 
simple, logical and progressive. It is not sufficient to give out lessons to be committed 
;0 memory ; these must also be thoroughly explained and illustrated by the teacher. 
Suitable mediums of instruction must be sought and class-teaching maintained in order 
;0 insure thoroughness and inspire interest. 
It is a matter of great satisfaction that these principles have been adopted in all 
anstruction from books ; but if one examines the method heretofore employed in manual 
raining—training whose educational value can hardly be overrated —the strange fact is 
discovered, that, as a rule, not one trace of the intelligent principles governing instruction 
in other subjects, is to be found here. Therefore, while instruction in all other branches 
aas developed, that in manual training has remained in its old elementary condition. 
Manual training has been regarded as an outside branch, not subject to the same laws 
as other educational branches, whereas it ought to stand side by side with them, 
because it has the same educational aim to fulfil.