VI. TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOLS. 
1. Historical Outline. 
The technical higher institutions of Germany are a product of 
the 19th century. Starting from small beginnings, together with the 
development of the technical arts, they have attained their present 
amportant position as places of instruction and research, that em- 
orace the manifold fields of technical arts with the sciences on 
which they are based, and by which they are completed. The 
mutual connection between the technical and the natural sciences, 
and the relation of these schools to the great questions of national 
ndustry, naturally entail a continued development of their design, 
curriculum, and method, and call for further enlargement and ex- 
:ension of their aims. 
Before the technical higher schools could be properly developed, 
preparatory institutions had to be created and extended. The organi- 
sation of Realschulen, which were in the first place to serve the 
spread of ,generally useful knowledge®, was followed by the estab- 
lishment of schools for distinct and special branches of science 
The aim of such technical institutions, established at the beginning 
of the 19th century, was the training both of craftsmen and mechanics, 
and of engineers. Specialists saw plainly that the preparatory 
theoretical schooling of the latter had to be a more comprehensive 
and deeper one than that of the former. But as long as a school 
was to complete the training in a course of two or three years, while 
in the case of craftsmen and mechanics the pupils were admitted at 
a very youthful age (in the Berlin industrial school, e. g. at their 
12th year), either the teaching was necessarily too difficult for a 
large portion of the pupils. or the general standard of instruction