Historical Outline. 
115 
had to be unduly lowered. Hence the training during the first year 
or years frequently assumed the ‘character of that in a preparatory 
school. A further difficulty was found in the fact that, for architects, 
instruction in the purely artistic parts of their work goes hand in 
hand with that in the technical ones, the latter of which more par- 
ticularly concerns the civil engineer, whereas the former points to 
the academy of the fine arts. 
As early as 1799 an Academy of Architecture had been 
established in Berlin. The aim of the institution was ,the theoretical 
and practical training ot skilful land-surveyors, civil and hydraulic 
engineers, also of building artisans, especially for the royal States, to 
which training also foreigners are admitted, in so far as this can be 
done without prejudice to native pupils“. Technology and chemistry, 
therefore, were not taught at all, while machine construction and 
‘ikewise higher mathematics occupied a subordinate position; generally 
speaking, the school was intended for officials of public works (with- 
out any distinction between architects and engineers). Not till 1821, 
by the side of this institution, arose the Industrial Academy, in 
which special attention was devoted to the study of chemistry, tech- 
nology, and machine construction. It is true, that precisely for this 
school, especially at first, the required preparatory schooling, in ac- 
cordance with the age of entrance of the pupils, that of 12 years, 
was a very slight one, indeed merely writing and the first four rules 
of arithmetic. Soon these two Berlin academies entered into a closer 
connection, temporarily by one person being director of both, and 
developed under favourable circumstances, although, for a time, the 
artistic part of the architectural teaching branched off from the in- 
dustrial Academy, and was transferred to the Academv of the 
Plastic Arts. 
In the third decade ot the century, also other German States 
had started the foundation of higher technical schools. In Dresden 
a technical educational institution was established in 1828, the 
aims of which, it is true, were no very high ones at first. As 
characteristic of the position of such institutions at that time, we 
may point to a provision according to which the technical scholars 
educated in them should be freed from the limitations otherwise im- 
posed on mechanics and craftsmen by the various guilds. 
In Munich, after plans had been considered, in 1823, for ,,a higher 
school that should embrace all technical studies, a polytechnic cen- 
tral school was founded there. in 1827. which was broken up. in