10 
Technical High Schools, 
1833, into three ,,polytechnic schools“, into one for Munich, one for 
Augsburg, and another for Niirnberg. 
From about the same time dates the establishment of the Industrial 
Schools in Stuttgart (1829—1832) and Darmstadt (1836), the latter 
of which had been preceded, in 1826, by the foundation of a Real- 
schule with technical instruction. The Industrial School in Ziirich 
was opened in 1832. To the year 1835 belongs the reorganisation of 
the Collegium Carolinum in Brunswick, by which the technical 
‘eaching of the institution was materially extended and transformed. 
In 1831, the , higher Industrial School®“ in Hanover re- 
ceived a new organisation. 
But of the greatest importance for the following decades was 
the institution that arose in Karlsruhe. Here the already existing 
engineering school, the school of architecture, and a private industrial 
school in Freiburg were joined together into a Polytechnic School, 
in 1825, the first one in Germany. A preparatory school led to the 
courses of a mercantile and of a technical division; the real higher 
mstruction for engineers and architects was still separate from these, 
and was given in special courses under the engineering department 
and in the above mentioned school of architecture. By the reorganisation 
of 1832 these were incorporated in the Polytechnic School. In 
addition to the preparatory school, the student had to pass through 
a course of four or five years, during which theoretical and practical 
subjects were taught to a larger extent than anywhere else. Down 
to the present time, the essential principles of the reorganisation re- 
terred to retain their full validity. The management of the institution 
is characterised by a periodic change of director, who is chosen 
annually from among the older teachers; likewise by the participation 
of the closer and wider teachers’ conference in the organisation and 
educational concerns of the School. The economic concerns also are 
subject to a managing council composed of the teachers of the in- 
stitution. 
The position which the Polytechnic School in Karlsruhe had 
bccupied during the fourth decade, it also maintained during the next. 
To a large extent this was owing to the activity of Redtenbacher, 
who, an Austrian by birth, had been called in 1841 from Ziirich to 
Karlsruhe. Here, especially after the separation of the courses into 
a chemical-technical and a mechanical-technical one, he found an 
opportunity for developing his full strength in the teaching and